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"The present environmental situation is not compatible with our expectations. Pollution, erosion, flood, and drought have hit many parts of the world, and these disaster give us reflections on how serious are the environmental problems that befalls this planet. Mankind has exploited the environment to the utmost without caring about environmental conservation. Moreover, with the population explosion after the 1950s and the dependency of life upon the natural processes, the cultivated land to be inherited by future generations has gradually become increasingly barren and fertile. Efforts are absolutely necessary to check increasing population growth rates, to raise the standard of living for all people and to arouse the awareness of sustainable development policies so that a compatibility between development activities and environment can be achieved."

"Multimorbidity is the presence of two or more chronic diseases in one person.Multimorbidity prevalence increases with age, especially in the elderly.This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multimorbidity in elderlypopulation in Indonesia and its determinant. Data were taken from the fourthsurvey of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) which held in 2007.IFLS is a continuing longitudinal socio-economic and health survey. Thesample used in the analysis were 2,960 elderly (³ 60 years). Logistic regressionwas performed to determine the prevalence and determinants ofmultimorbidity in the elderly. The prevalence of multimorbidity were 15.8 %and was higher among low educational level, unemployed, current smokers,mild physical activity, overweight/obese and lower consumption of vegetablesand fruit. Multivariate analysis showed that low educational level, unemployed,current smoker and ex smoker, overweight/obese, mild physicalactivity and lower consumption of vegetables and fruit were associated withmultimorbidity. The results showed that the prevalence of multimorbidity inIndonesian elderly is quite high especially those with poor health behaviorsand low socioeconomic conditions. Strategies to increase healthy behaviorsand improve socio-economic conditions may decrease the prevalence ofmultimorbidity.Multimorbiditas adalah kehadiran dua atau lebih penyakit kronis pada satuorang. Prevalensi multimorbiditas meningkat dengan usia, terutama padalanjut usia (lansia). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dandeterminan multimorbiditas pada lansia di Indonesia. Data diambil darisurvei keempat Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) yang diadakan padatahun 2007. IFLS adalah survei sosial ekonomi dan kesehatan longitudinaldi Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan dalam analisis adalah 2.960 lansia (³60 tahun). Regresi logistik dilakukan untuk menentukan prevalensi dan determinanmultimorbiditas pada lansia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanprevalensi multimorbiditas sebesar 15,8%, dengan prevalensi lebih tinggipada lansia yang overweight/obesitas, tingkat pendidikan rendah, tidak bekerja,perokok saat ini, aktivitas fisik ringan, overweight/obesitas, dan kurangnyakonsumsi sayur dan buah. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwatingkat pendidikan yang rendah, tidak bekerja, perokok saat ini dan pernahmerokok, overweight/obesitas, aktivitas fisik ringan, serta kurangnyakonsumsi sayuran dan buah berhubungan dengan multimorbiditas. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi multimorbiditas pada lansiaIndonesia cukup tinggi terutama mereka dengan perilaku kesehatan yangburuk dan kondisi sosial ekonomi yang rendah. Strategi untukmeningkatkan perilaku sehat dan meningkatkan kondisi sosial-ekonomi dapatmenurunkan prevalensi multimorbiditas pada lansia."