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"This paper examines the impact of supply-demand balance in the labor market on the recent ongoing trend toward marriage avoidance in Japan, incorporatingreviews of previous studies. From a theoretical standpoint, declining income and wages could be seen either as encouraging or as discouraging marriage, but according to empirical analyses inprevious studies of Japanese marriage behavior, for men in particular regular employment with high earning potential appears to have the effect of encouraging marriage, and being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation appears correlated with younger marriage ages. For women, as well, some previous studies have found a positive correlation between being hired as a regular employee immediately upon graduation and getting married younger. It follows that the decline in hiring of young people as regular employees, as a result of economic stagnation, may be one of the causes of the recent trend toward marriage avoidance."

"Seeking to offer a balanced perspective to gender inequality and the division of household labor among middle-class,working married men and women in Japan and Indonesia, this paper examines the effects of individual-levelcharacteristics (relative income, working hours, gender ideology) as well as the country-level factors (e.g. GEM:Gender Empowerment Measure) on the dynamics of housework distribution between spouses in both countries.Statistical analyses show a number of significant correlations between these variables, among which gender ideologyseems to be of particular importance. Perhaps the most enlightening finding of all is that despite their lower GEM rankcompared to Japan, the Indonesian respondents have relatively egalitarian division of labor in their households. Thisfinding provides a new insight that GEM, which emphasizes the political economy aspects of a country, may not besufficient to capture gender disparities without considering other socio-cultural factors in the complexity of day-to-dayactual division of housework.Makalah ini mengkaji dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh ciri-ciri pada level individu (jumlah pendapatan rata-rata,jam kerja, pandangan tentang gender) dan juga faktor-faktor pada level negara (seperti GEM atau UkuranPemberdayaan Gender) terhadap dinamika pembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga di antara suami dan istri di keduanegara. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menawarkan sudut pandang yang berimbang mengenai ketidaksetaraan gender danpembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga di antara laki-laki dan perempuan kelas menengah di Jepang dan Indonesia yangtelah menikah dan memiliki pekerjaan. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya sejumlah korelasi yang kuat di antaravariabel-variabel ini, dengan pandangan tentang gender sebagai variabel yang terlihat cukup signifikan. Temuan yangmungkin paling mencerahkan adalah bahwa ternyata responden Indonesia menerapkan sistem pembagian kerja yanglebih merata di dalam rumah tangga mereka, sekalipun menunjukkan skor GEM yang lebih rendah daripada orangJepang. Temuan ini membuka wawasan baru bahwa GEM, yang cenderung menekankan pada aspek-aspek politik danekonomi suatu negara, mungkin kurang memadai untuk mengukur kesenjangan gender karena tidak memerhatikanfaktor-faktor sosial budaya lain yang terkandung di dalam kompleksitas pembagian pekerjaan rumah tangga sehari-hari."