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"Kerja sama keamanan Eropa mengalami perkembangan terbaru dengan aktivasi Permanent Structured Cooperation tahun 2017 oleh Uni Eropa. Aktivasi PESCO dilakukan pada waktu yang unik setelah United Kingdom memilih untuk keluar dari Uni Eropa melalui referendum di tahun 2016. Skripsi ini berusaha mencari tahu mengapa Uni Eropa mengaktivasi PESCO di tahun 2017. Tulisan ini menggunakan teori legitimasi yang ditulis oleh Tallberg dan Zurn dengan melihat legitimasi institusi berdasarkan fitur-fitur yang dimiliki institusi yaitu otoritas, prosedur dan performa. Teori tersebut digunakan karena terdapat permasalahan legitimasi yang dihadapi oleh Uni Eropa ketika PESCO diaktifkan. Menggunakan teori legitimasi, tulisan menemukan bahwa aktivasi PESCO dilakukan sebagai salah satu upaya Uni Eropa untuk melanjutkan integrasi sekaligus meningkatkan legitimasi yang dimiliki oleh institusi. Berdasarkan fitur otoritas, di dalam PESCO Uni Eropa memiliki otoritas yang rendah bila dibandingkan dengan bentuk kerja sama di bidang lainnya seperti Euro Area sebagai upaya mengurangi defisit legitimasi Uni Eropa. Sementara itu, berdasarkan fitur prosedur, pengambilan keputusan yang ada di dalam PESCO berpusat dalam Dewan Uni Eropa memiliki tujuan meningkatkan legitimasi di mata pemerintah negara anggota. Terakhir, berdasarkan fitur Performa, PESCO dibentuk untuk meningkatkan kapabilitas keamanan Uni Eropa dan legitimasi di mata audiens, namun lambatnya penyelesaian proyek menghalangi peningkatan legitimasi di fitur ini. Berdasarkan ketiga fitur tersebut, ditemukan bahwa PESCO dibentuk berdasarkan permasalahan legitimasi yang melanda Uni Eropa yaitu tingginya defisit legitimasi yang dihadapi, rendahnya kepercayaan dari negara anggota serta ketidakmampuan Uni Eropa untuk menyelesaikan masalah keamanan di lingkungan mereka. Dengan mengatasi ketiga hal tersebut, diharapkan aktivasi PESCO dapat meningkatkan legitimasi yang sebelumnya mengalami penurunan diakibatkan berbagai krisis.

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European security cooperation underwent the latest development by the activation of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in 2017 by the European Union. The PESCO activation was carried out in a unique time after the United Kingdom chose to leave the European Union through a referendum in 2016. This study seeks to find out why the European Union activated PESCO in 2017 and adopted the theory of legitimacy written by Tallberg and Zurn by looking at the legitimacy of the institutions based on the features of the institution, namely authority, procedure, and performance. Such theory was used because there were legitimacy problems faced by the European Union at the time when PESCO was activated. Using the theory of legitimacy, this study found that PESCO activation is carried out as one of the European Union's efforts to continue the integration while at the same time increasing the legitimacy of the institution. Based on the feature of the authority in PESCO, the European Union has low authority compared with forms of cooperation in other fields, as an effort to reduce the EU's legitimacy deficit. Meanwhile, based on the features of the procedure, the decision-making in PESCO is centered on the Council of the European Union with the aim of increasing legitimacy for its member state governments. Lastly, based on the feature of the performance, PESCO was activated to increase the EU security capabilities and legitimacy for the audience, however, the slow pace of project completion prevented the increase of legitimacy in this feature. Based on these three features, it was found that PESCO was formed on legitimacy problems that plagued the European Union, namely the high deficit of legitimacy, low trust from the member countries and the European Union's inability to resolve security problems in their environment. By overcoming those three things, it is hoped that PESCO activation may increase the legitimacy which has previously decreased due to various crises."

"In Islamic law the world was made up of the House of Islam and the House of War with the Ottoman Sultan--the perceived successor to the Caliphs--supreme ruler of the Islamic world. However, Suraiya Faroqhi demonstrates that there was no iron curtain between the Ottoman and other worlds but rather a long-established network of diplomatic, financial, cultural and religious connections. These extended to the empires of Asia and the modern states of Europe ... Based on a huge study of original and early modern sources, including diplomatic records, travel and geographical writing, as well as personal accounts."

"The book discusses various questions related to the different European perspectives on Taiwan, for example, how the European Union has dealt with the unresolved status of the Republic of China on Taiwan, the ways in which Europe has been seen as a model for Taiwan’s transformation, and whether the EU model offers any lessons for cross-strait integration. "

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ABSTRACTThis invaluable book provides a reflective analysis on European civilization through a Chinese cultural perspective, along with the author's diplomatic experiences in Brussels on the Chinese Mission to the European Union.The book has three main focuses: maritime civilization, human civilization, and the relations between Chinese (East) and European (West) civilization. It aims to stimulate discussion to rethink the East-West relations in terms of globalization and its contributions to a new post-maritime human civilization.Hai Shang (海殇) means elegy of the sea.He Shang (河殇) means elegy of the river."