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"Intense rivalry between the president and congress is inevitable in presidential electoral system that can produce divided party control of the two branches. Cooperation may be more likely when both the president and congress are of the some party. The give-and-take between national and local representation, deliberation and efficiency, openness and accountability, specific interests and the "public good" ensures a certain amount of confrontation between congress and the president. As we have seen, their relation are shaped by an amalgam of factors: constitutional design, dlifferet constituencies, different terms of office, weak political parties, divided party control of government, ongoing competition for power, and pluralism. Although the rivalry and conflict between Congress and the president are inherent in the US's Presidential system of government, president must find support in Congress and members must seek assistance from the White House. To succeed in office every president must surmount the constitutional and political obstacles to pass their legislative program and establish a working relationship with Congress. Separation of powers and the division of political control between president and congresses do not present an insurmountable barrier to good public policy making. Presidents need to lead both public opinion and a consensus among the policy communities in Congress to solve the problems that are so readily visible. Overcoming divided government, changing public opinion, building consensus, and establishing the nation's policy priorities."

"Kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia utamanya dalam proses pembahasan dan pemberian persetujuan terhadap pembahasan RUUbahwasanya telah menyimpangi sistem presidensial dan dapat menjadi problematika. Tesis ini hendak menjawab permasalahan yaitu mengenai kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang serta konsep rekonstruksi yang ideal terhadap kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode yuridis normatif yang dilengkapi dengan perbandingan 20 negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Presiden di Indonesia memiliki kewenangan yang begitu besar dalam pembentukan undang-undang. Presiden terlibat dalam seluruhproses pembentukan undang-undang mulai dari tahap perencanaan hingga pengesahan RUU, bahkan adanya ketentuan dalam Pasal 20 ayat (2) dan ayat (3)UUD NRI 1945 telah menjadikan Presiden dapat mengontrol agenda legislasi. Besarnya kewenangan Presiden tersebut tidak sesuai dengan tujuan penguatan sistem presidensial di Indonesia. Adapun gagasan rekonstruksi yang dapat diberikan adalah dengan membatasi kewenangan Presiden dalam pembentukan undang-undang dengan tidak melibatkan Presiden dalam proses pembahasan,melainkan memperkuat posisi DPD dalam pembentukan undang-undang. Selanjutnya, dalam hal persetujuan RUU, Presiden seharusnya diberikan hak veto untuk menolak RUU yang diajukan parlemen sebagai bentuk checks andbalances. Dalam bidang pengesahan RUU, gagasan rekonstruksi yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memberi kewajiban bagi Presiden untuk mengesahkan setiap RUU yang telah disetujui oleh dua per tiga anggota DPR dan DPD. Adapun dalam hal Presiden tidak mengesahkan RUU, maka hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh Ketua DPR. Saran yang dapat diberikan berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini adalahdengan melakukan perubahan UUD NRI 1945 dengan mengubah pasal terkait kewenangan Presiden dan DPD dalam pembentukan undang-undang

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The authority of the President in the law making process in Indonesia expecially in the process of deliberating and granting approval for the deliberation of the Bill that it has deviated from the presidential system and could become problematic. This thesis intends to answer the problem regarding the authority of the President in forming laws and the concept of ideal reconstruction of the President's authority in the formation of laws in Indonesia. The method used in

this study is a normative juridical method with a comparison of 20 countries. The research results show that the President in Indonesia has enormous authority in the law making process. The President is involved in the entire process of constituting legislation starting from the planning stage to the ratification of the

Bill, even the provisions in Article 20 paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of the Constitution have enabled the President to control the legislative agenda. The

amount of authority of the President is not in accordance with the goal of strengthening the presidential system in Indonesia. The idea of reconstruction that could be given is to limit the President's authority in the law making process by

not involving the President in the deliberation process, but rather strengthening the DPD's position in the law making process. Furthermore, in terms of the

approval of the bill, the President should be given veto power to reject the bill proposed by the parliament as a form of checks and balances. In the field of bill ratification, the idea of reconstruction that can be carried out is by giving the President the obligation to pass every bill that has been approved by two thirds of the members of the DPR and DPD. As for the President does not pass a bill, this can be done by the Speaker of the DPR. Suggestions that can be given based on the results of this research are to make changes to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia by changing articles related to the authority of the President and DPD in the formation of laws"

"Banyak rakyat Amerika yang menilai negaranya sebagai model demokrasi. Meskipun masih banyak kekurangan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan dan pemerintahan di Amerika, namun masyarakat Amerika setuju bahwa fondasi menuju sebuah masyarakat yang demokratis telah dijamin oleh Konstitusi dan undang-undang lainnya. Karena demokrasi Amerika masih jauh dari sempurna, banyak kalangan di Amerika memperdebatkan aturan permainan dalam pelaksanaan demokrasi ini.Konsep dasar dari demokrasi sebagai nilai dasar di Amerika adalah lahirnya suatu tatanan pemerintahan yang berdasarkan kehendak rakyat, pemerintah yang berdasarkan keinginan popular. Namun jika dilihat dari kacamata demokrasi, ada kecenderungan sistem pemilihan presiden melalui electoral college sedikit mengesampingkan beberapa esensi demokrasi, seperti kesamaan politik yang diterjemahkan dengan pemberian bobot suara yang sama: satu orang, satu suara.Namun sistem electoral college memang diterapkan sebagai kompromi politik yang dibuat oleh pendiri bangsa Amerika untuk memberikan bobot yang relatif lebih seimbang antara negara bagian besar dan kecil.Apapun sistem pemilihan yang diterapkan akan sangat berpengaruh kepada kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap proses dan pranata politik di suatu negara.Penulisan tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mengidentifikasi kelemahan dalam sistem pemilihan presiden yang seringkali menciptakan kontroversi dalam pemilihan presiden. Pengamatan utama dalam tulisan ini dititikberatkan pada sistem electoral college.Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian dari sumber kepustakaan dan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam pengkajiannya. Penulisan tesis ini melibatkan pengamatan sejarah dan kajian pranata-pranata.An Observation to the U.S. Presidential Election 2000: The Electoral College System as a Complementing Factor in American DemocracyMost Americans view the United States as a model democracy. Although there are still flaws in the American constitutional system and government structure, most Americans agree that the Constitution and other existing laws secure the foundations of a democratic society. Due to the imperfect nature of American democracy, many experts as well as the common people are still debating about the rule of the game in the application of democracy.

The basic concept of democracy as a core American value is the existence of a governing system that is by the will of the people, by means of popular support. But if we observe through the lenses of democracy, electing a president using the electoral college system tends to overlook several basic essence of democracy, namely that of political equality which supposed to provide an equal weight for each single vote cast: one person, one vote.

The electoral college system was adopted as a political compromise made by the founding fathers in America to provide a relatively equal weigh between the large and small states. Irrespective of the electoral system applied in a presidential election, it will influence the course which determines the people's confidence to the political process and institutions in a particular country.

The objective of this thesis is to study and identify the weaknesses in the existing presidential election system that often create controversies in the process. The focus of the study is on the electoral college mechanism. The research method used in this thesis was carried out through literature research and the qualitative approach was applied in its analysis. In order to understand the inter-linkages between the various aspects on this topic, the writing of this thesis used the historical and institutional perspectives."

"Membahas tentang Mekanisme Pembahasan RUU tentang Pemilihan Presiden dan Wakil Presiden, ditinjau dari interaksi politik yang terjadi di antara fraksi di DPR RI dalam proses pembahasannya. Lebih spesifik penelitian hendak menjawab permasalahan bagaimana mekanisme politik yang berlangsung dalam Pansus RUU Pilpres dan interaksi politik yang terjadi dalam Pansus, dilihat dari tiga variable, yaitu variabel kepentingan, variabel orientasi terhadap norma dan prosedur, serta variabel sikap.Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Demokrasi (O'Donnell dan Schmitter), teori Perwakilan Politik (Gilbert Abcarian), teori Kebijakan Publik (William N. Dunn), Sistem Pemilu dan Kepartaian (Maurice Duverger), dan Teori Kepentingan (Macridis Brown). Dalam menganalisa permasalahan, penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian dengan pendekatan secara kualitatif, yang termasuk dalam penelitian kualitatif deskriptif karena hendak menjawab pertanyaan tentang "bagaimana", dengan teknik pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara dan dokumentasi. Menggunakan analisis data secara induktif agar dapat menemukan pengaruh hubungan nilai-nilai eksplisit sebagai sturktur analistik.Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam suatu proses perumusan suatu kebijakan berupa undang-undang tidak terlepas dari siapa yang terlibat/pemeran resmi dalam mekanisme perumusan kebijakan publik tersebut. Fraksi-fraksi di DPR melakukan interaksi politik sehingga terbentuk berbagai macam polarisasi dalam Pansus, terhadap substansi sebagai fokus penelitian, yaitu ketentuan electoral threshold dan persyaratan calon presiden. Sedangkan mekanisme yang melandasi beroperasinya Pansus tersebut, proses pengambilan keputusan terhadap substansi/materi RUU dilakukan secara tertutup, dengan forum lobby, setelah menggunakan cara pembahasan dalam rapat-rapat tidak mencapai titik temulsepakat. Kompromi yang disepakati dalam forum lobby ditempuh oleh fraksi-fraksi dalam rangka mengakselerasikan kepentingan masing-masing fraksi mereka, yang menjadi kebijakan dan kepentingan dari partai mereka juga.Dari tiga variabel penelitian, menggambarkan bahwa dari variabel kepentingan, masing¬masing fraksi adalah menciptakan suatu UU yang sesuai dengan kepentingan fraksi/partai mereka. Dan variabel orientasi terhadap norma dan prosedur, maka Pansus RUU Pilpres telah melakukan pembahasan secara demokratis. Dari variabel sikap, maka mayoritas fraksi menerima hasil dari proses pembahasan RUU tentang Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden, yang disahkan kemudian dengan UU Nomor 23 tahun 2003.

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This thesis discusses the Discussion Mechanism of Bill Draft on President and Vice President Election to Become a Law based on the perception of political interactions among factions in DPR RI during this discussion. Specifically, this research is about to answer the question on how the political mechanism take place during the special committee of President Election Bill Draft. This political interactions research focused on three variables, namely interest variable, norm and procedure orientation variable and act variable.

This research uses the theory of Democracy (O'Donnell dan Schmitter), Representative Politics Theory (Gilbert Abearian), Public Policy Theory (William N. Dunn), General Election and Party System (Maurice Duverger), dan Interest Theory (Macridis Brown). In order to analyze this issue, the research uses a qualitative research theory. And it categorized as a descriptive qualitative methods since it answered the question on how, using interview and documentation as a technique on collecting data. Inductive data is used to analyze in order to learn more on the influence of the relation of explicit values as an analytic structure_

The result of the research shows that during discussion on law policy, it can 't be seen by who's offically involved on that discussion. Factions in the DPR exercise its political interaction that cuse many polarization on special committee especially on the substance which is the focus of this research namely electoral threshold and requirement of candidates president. While the procedure based on how Special Committee works, the decision process toward the substance of the bill draft was made privately using lobby was taken by factions in order to accelerate each faction interest, which happen to be the policy and interest of each party.

From three research variables, the interest variable shows that each factions draft the bill based on their own faction/party's interest. From the norm and procedure orientation variable, the Special Committee on the Bill Draft of President Election have conducted all the discussion in democratic manners. And from the act variable, the majority of factions accepts the outcome of discussion process as the final draft of President and Vice President general election, which enacted in the future as Law No. 23 year 2003."

"Dalam skripsi ini, penulis ingin membahas mengenai pemilihan presiden di Indonesia sebagai perwujudan demokrasi. Sebagaimana telah diketahui, sebelum adanya amandemen UUD 1945, pemilihan presiden Indonesia dilakukan melalui lembaga perwakilan, yaitu Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), selaku pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi. Pemilihan presiden oleh MPR pada masa sebelum amandemen UUD 1945, dari segi konstitusional, memang demokratis. Namun, dengan adanya kenyataan bahwa tidak semua anggota MPR merupakan anggota partai politik yang dipilih oleh rakyat melalui pemilu, ditambah dengan tidak dipilihnya secara langsung para anggota MPR yang berasal dari pemilu, maka pemilihan presiden oleh MPR menjadi mudah dipengaruhi oleh kepentingan kepentingan tertentu dari elit politik ataupun dari pemegang kekuasaan untuk tetap dapat melanggengkan kekuasaannya. Adanya mekanisme pemilihan presiden secara langsung merupakan salah satu upaya demokratisasi pengisian jabatan presiden, di mana seluruh rakyat yang telah memiliki hak pilih dapat memilih sendiri calon presiden yang dikehendakinya.

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In this study, the publisher wants to discuss about the presidential election as a form of a democracy. As we all have known before, the Indonesia’s Presiden Election was previously done by the representative institution called Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), as the holder of sovereignty in Indonesia. The president election held by the MPR, constitutionally it is democracy. But, as we concern, not every member of the institution was elected by the election mechanism. There are also member which not have been elected by the election. This could cause the president election mechanism to be manipulated by the interest of some members of the institution in order to fulfill their needs, or by the authoritative government to continue their directionary. That’s why we need the direct election of the president as a democratitation effort of the president duty fill up. With the direct election, people could choose their president by their wants."

"Penelitian ini merupakan evaluasi terhadap pertimbangan-pertimbangan anggota DPR/MPR dalam pemberhentian KH. Abdurrahman Wahid sebagai Presiden RI. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam Tesis ini diuraikan menjadi tiga pertanyaan penelitian sebagai berikut : (1) Pertimbangan-pertimbangan apa saja dipakai oleh para anggota DPR/MPR untuk memberhentikan KH. Abdurrahman Wahid sebelum masa jabatannya berakhir?. (2) Diantara pertimbangan-pertimbangan tersebut diatas, manakah pertimbangan yang paling menentukan (dominan) dalam menjatuhkan KH. Abdurrahman Wahid ?. (3) Bagaimana dampak pemberhentian KH. Abdurrahman Wahid terhadap Ketahanan Nasional Indonesia pada waktu itu ?.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Deskriptif Kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk memahami fenomena sosial dari perspektif para partisipan melalui penelitian ke dalam kehidupan aktor-aktor yang terlibat, kemudian sebagai justifikasi dari hasil analisis kualitatif diuunakan metode Analitical Hierarchi Process (AHP).Temuan penelitian ini adalah pertimbangan-pertimbangan anggota DPR/MPR RI dalam pemberhentian Presiden KH. Abdurrahman Wahid yang dominan adalah pertimbangan hukum, lebih spesifik tentang "penegakan hukum" proses pemberhentian tersebut mengandung kelemahan konstitusional.

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The research has evaluated of the considerations which Members of DPRIMPR ("Indonesian Parliament/People's Consultative Council") took for discharging Mister KH Abdurrahman Wahid from his chair as President of the Republic of Indonesia. Statement of the problem revealed in this Thesis consists of three questions as follows: (1) What are considerations taken by the Members of DPRIMPR for discharging Mister KH Abdurrahman Wahid prior to the termination of his administrative position?, (2) Which is the dominant among the considerations for discharging his excellency?, (3) Meanwhile, what were the effects of his discharge on the National Stability?

This study, on one hand, applies a Descriptive Qualitative Method for identifying social phenomena viewed from the participants' perspectives by researching into activities of the involved actors while justification for the results of qualitative analysis uses an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, on the other.

Research findings are all considerations which Members of DPRIMPR of the Republic of Indonesia take for discharging President KH Abdurrahman Wahid in which the dominant is legal aspect or "law enforcement". However his termination carries some constitutional violence."