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"The five-toed jerboas of genus Allactaga Cuvier, 1837 have been distributed in arid and semi-desert regions throughout northern Africa, Iranian Plateau and Central Asia to Mongolia. This genus has 12 species of which five have been so Jerboa (A. williamsi), Euphrate's Jarboa (A. eupharica); Hotson's Jerboa (A. hotsoni) and Firouz Jarboa (A. firouzi). The Toussi Jerboa (Allactaga toussi sp. Nov) is reported for the first time from the steppe regions of north east Iran. This new species if different in external, cranial and molars morphological and morpjometric characteristics from its parapatric species i.e. Allactaga elater, and other Iranian five-toed jerboas. Multivariate analyses also confirm that Allactaga toussi sp. nov. is significantly distinct from other species."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang perkembangan pola dan gaya kepemimpinan politik di Iran yang cukup fluktuatif dimulai dari pra dan pasca revolusi Iran 1979. Hal itu berkaitan dengan gagasan Imam Khomenei tentang Wilayah Al-Faqih yang menggantikan sistem monarki menjadi teo-demokrasi. Penelitian ini berfokus pada dua variabel penelitian yakni pola kepemimpinan politik dan gaya kepemimpinan politiknya pada pemimpin tertinggi di negara Iran yakni Imam Khomenei dan Sayyid Ali Khamenei. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis dan metode pengumpulan data studi pustaka.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Imam Khomenei dan Ali Khamenei cenderung menggunakan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional diukur dari kriteria kepribadian keterbukaan, kesadaran, ekstraversi dan kesesuaian. Keduanya juga ditopang oleh modal spiritual (Spiritual Capital) yang cukup sehingga mempengaruhi kinerjanya dalam mengarahkan pengikut. Namun, Khomenei memiliki kelebihan pada sifat ekstraversi, keterbukaan dan kesesuaian disebabkan oleh kondisi natural krisis. Meski demikian, mereka juga menerapkan gaya kepemimpinan transaksional dalam situasi tertentu namun dengan intensitas yang rendah.

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This research discussed the development of patterns and styles of political leadership in Iran which are quite fluctuating starting from the pre and post-1979 Iranian revolution. That was related to Imam Khomenei's idea of ​​the Wilayah Al-Faqih which replaced the monarchy system into a theo-democracy. This study focused on two research variables, the pattern of political leadership and the style of political leadership on the highest leaders in Iran, namely Imam Khomenei and Sayyid Ali Khamenei. The research used descriptive analysis method and literature study data collection method.The results of this study indicated that Imam Khomenei and Ali Khamenei tend to use transformational leadership styles measured by the personality criteria of openness, awareness, extraversion and agreebleness. Both are also supported by sufficient spiritual capital (Spiritual Capital), which affects their performance in directing followers. However, Khomenei has the advantage of extraversion, openness and agreebleness due to the natural conditions of the crisis. However, they also applied transactional leadership styles in certain situations but with low intensity."

"The study seeks to analyze the implemtation of EU external policies through the effective multiteralism appoarch. In this regard, the election of president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was a turning point in in increasingly modern development of nuclear Iran. The increasingly ablitiy of irans nuclear technology has significantly raised international accusations about irans intention to posses weapons of mass destruction."

"Tulisan ini menyoroti keberlanjutan program misil balistik Iran setelah kesepakatan Join Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) di tahun 2015. Penulis berargumen bahwa hal tersebut didorong oleh adanya dinamika persenjataan konvensional yang melibatkan Iran dan negara-negara Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Melalui teori aksi reaksi, dapat dilihat bahwa aspek magnitude, timing, serta awareness dalam modernisasi persenjataan konvensional GCC berdampak cukup signifikan pada keputusan Iran untuk melanjutkan program balistiknya. Selain itu, keunggulan fitur yang dimiliki misil balistik dan kebutuhan strategik pengembangannya juga turut memperkuat keputusan Iran untuk tetap melanjutkan program misil balistik sebagai respon terhadap dinamika persenjataan tersebut. Dengan metode pengumpulan data studi pustaka, penulis berhasil mendapatkan berbagai data yang menunjukkan ketimpangan modernisasi persenjataan antara Iran dan negara-negara GCC. Di saat yang bersamaan, beberapa jurnal ilmiah maupun artikel lainnya menggambarkan kuatnya persepsi acaman Iran terhadap GCC sebagai basis terbentuknya model aksi reaksi dalam rivalitas Iran-GCC.

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This thesis focuses on the continuity of Iranian ballistic missile programme after the implementation of Join Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on 2015. The Author argues that the continuity of ballistic missile programme is related to the conventional arms dynamics which involved Iran and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. By applying action reaction theory, it concludes that the magnitude, timing, and awareness  aspects in GCC modernization effort have a significant impact on Iran’s decision to continue its ballistic missile programme. Morover, it also argues that  the ballistic missile technical capability and strategic needs are also regarded as significant factor to boost Iran choice for ballistic missile as “reaction” to arms dynamic in gulf.  By using the method of document analysis in collecting data, this author found many kinds of data illustrating the military  modernization gap between Iran and GCC countries. Meanwhile several documents within journal articles and other sources have shown the Iranian threat perception toward GCC as a basis for action-reaction model in Iran-GCC rivalry."

"ABSTRAKSebagai negara populasi Muslim terbesar di dunia, masuknya pertimbangan Islam dalam kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia merupakan atribut yang tidak dapat dinegasikan. Skripsi ini mengkaji mengenai bagaimana Indonesia memainkan kartu Islam dalam aktivitas diplomasi, khususnya dalam kasus menjembatani ketegangan krisis nuklir Iran periode 2004-2014. Dengan menggunakan kerangka konsep diplomasi niche mdash;penekanan pada praktik diplomasi negara yang dimotivasi oleh pencarian kesempatan untuk secara konstruktif mengambil peran global dengan mengevaluasi celah yang ditawarkan di tingkat sistemik dan elemen yang dipersepsikan menjadi kekuatan diplomasi negara di dalam hal ini kenyataan bahwa Indonesia merupakan negara dengan populasi Muslim terbesar di dunia mdash;ditemukan bahwa elemen Islam secara aktif dimasukan oleh Indonesia sebagai atribut diplomasi niche untuk meningkatkan reputasi simbolisnya sebagai middle-power maupun fungsi instrumentalnya di tingkat internasional. Khususnya dalam kasus Iran, skripsi ini menganalisis bahwa Indonesia menerjemahkan posisinya sebagai bridge-builder dengan mengambil pendekatan yang imbang; merefleksikan dilema yang dihadapi Indonesia dalam dinamika tarik menarik kepentingan oleh berbagai negara yang terlibat dalam negosiasi di lapangan dan pertautan yang tidak terpisahkan antara realita internasional dengan domestik.

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ABSTRACTAs the largest Muslim population in the world, the incorporation of Islamic attribute in the conduct of Indonesian foreign policy calculation can hardly be negated. This paper aims to see how Indonesia implemented the Islamic card in its diplomacy, particularly within the case of bridging the heightened global tension on Iranian nuclear crisis. Using the conceptual framework of niche diplomacy mdash that is a diplomacy practice motivated by a countries evaluation on its perceived diplomacy strength in this case motivated by the fact that it is the largest Muslim populated country and the availability of niche rsquo opportunities offered in the systemic level in order to take a constructive role in the evolving complexity of global affairs mdash this paper finds that Islamic factors were actively projected in Indonesia rsquo s niche diplomacys strategic elements to increase its symbolic reputation as a middle power country and to secure its instrumental momentum in leveraging further international roles. In the case of Iran, Indonesia translated its position as a bridge builder by taking a balanced approach reflecting the dilemmatic dynamics of interests in the international negotiation table and inseparable linkage between international domestic realities. "