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"At the time of economic crisis in 1997 banking sector was one of industries experiencing the most impact of ecoome turbulence. Many banks suffer from liquidity disaster and decline in their performance even some of them liquidated by government because of customer's crisis of trust. To prevent the return of crisis condition in the banking sector the Central Bank or bank of Indonesia released a policy called as Indonesia Banking Architecture in 2004. The BI's policy arranges banks into group or strata according to their owned-capital. Since the policy published in 9 January 2004 it has received few critics and completeness. Refer to the implementation of Indonesia Banking Architecture then in 2006 BI released regulation No. 8/16/PBI/2006 known as single presence policy (SPP). The SPP or single ownership policy arrange that banks owned by same corporation or individual should be merged or consolidated. The corporation or bank owner must be dominant shareholder of those banks or majoriry shareholder. Unfortunately the SPP policy is less aware of and possibly is inconsistent with other regulations ultimately arrangement ralating to business competition law as Act No.5/1999"

"At the time of economic crisis in 1997 banking sector was one of industries experiencing the most impact of economic turbulance...."

"Single Presence Policy is a policy which is surprising not only for businessmen in banking sector but also for general community. The policy called "Pakto" (The Package of October Policy) 2006 reminds us to last "Pakto" policy in 1988 that was 18 years ago where in national banking promoted a concept of liberalization. Jumping to liberalization without proper anticipation and good manner has impacted on the emerge of mushrooming bank without sufficient preparation to banking risk management. Banking liberalization concept has an effect on the policy of merger, consolidation, closing down and bank liquidation. Liquidity Assistance of Bank of Indonesia (BLBI) scenario has no end, but creating a vriminal accusations in banking practices. Single Presence Policy (SPP) bring a new panorama into banking industry. Substances of SPP has potential to create inconsistency to other regulations of business competition, limited corporation, and therefore open to foreign investor for dominating national banking."

"banking liberalization process has begun since retification of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Possibly access for foreign investor into Indonesia banking open through such ways as: establishing a new bank, purchasing of bank's share and erecting of bank's branch and representative. According to current regulation foreigners who want to open a new bank should not be in form of bank as formerly regulated, but it can be as individual and as foreign non-bank entity. No more restriction regarding foreign ownership of mayority bank's shareholder. Through Government Regulation No. 29 year of 1999 concerning of purchasing general bank's share and Bank of Indonesia regulation No.2/27/PBI/2000 regarding general bank have arranged that maximum foreign ownership over general bank is 99% of the capital paid by general bank. The foreign ownership of bank is not only open through stock market but also by direct purchasing of share. Foreign domination on national bank is now rampant through such ways as acquisition, merger and or consolidation. The question is what's the relevancy amongst banking consolidation policy, single presence policy and foreign domination on Indonesia national bank?"

"Single presence policy is a policy which is surprising not only for businessman in banking sector but also for general community..."

"In the year of 1997 Indonesia hit by financial dissaster known as monetary crisis. Thousands of bank's customer withdrawn their money in a great numbers from national banks, consequently many private banks in Indonesia have facing with deficit of liquidity. bank of Indonesia as lender of the last resort pouring fresh money into 48 banks arround IDR 144,5 trillion as loan assistance to back up their sort of liquidity, and additional loan assistance gave in 29 January 1999 about IDR 14,447 trillion therefore totally loan assistance in amount is IDR 158,947 trillion. The good faith is to help dying banks in the situation of crisis. Indonesiagovernment supports the loan assistance given by Bank of Indonesia Through releasing presidential decree No. 26/1998.On the first of November 1997 the government liquidated 17 private banks out of 48 receiver banks of the BI loan because of their incapabilityto continue running the banks caused by capital rush in a great amounts. The BI loan received by the 17 closing banks is IDR 11,89 trillion, but untill now the loan backs into state account just only IDR 2,96 trillion. How very protracted is the government in handling the BI loan cases in the history of Republic Indonesia. Protest, demonstration, till accusation against government and legal axamination of the government policy have been done frequently, however the rule of law and the government failed to jail the loan's embezzler, even less to confiscate their properties."

"At the end of twentieth century there were acquisition dominated business transaction within national scale and also international scale. In the international term there is known acquisition across border. corporate acquisition is one amongst many business strategies for developing corporation within home country and abroad without necessitated to set up a new legal business entity. Acquisition becomes a faster and easier selection in getting financial return. A rampant acquisition of corporation at this moment need to be supervised closely and carefully by many parties since the trend of dominant acquisition many break Antimonopoly Law and Banking law as happening with Maybank acquisition of BII. There is indication that the acquisition of BII's shares have broken Bank Indonesia regulation concerning single presence policy on Indonesia Banking. Nevertheless until now, the growing activities of shares acquisition across border have not comprehensively been regulated yet into regulation of Limited Corporation Law, Antimonopoly Law and Indonesia Banking Law."

"Development has been done for more than six decades in Indesia.Netherlands,it is important to underline thst the development process could not solve some basic problems of human being....."

"Tesis ini membahas ketatnya persaingan dalam pasar bebas yang berdampak pada terjadinya krisis ekonomi Amerika Serikat tahun 2007-2008. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analitis. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa pemerintah harus menjalankan perannya secara konsisten sebagai wasit dalam kompetisi pasar bebas, masyarakat sebagai pelaku pasar juga diharapkan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang kondisi pasar dan produk yang diperdagangkan, sehingga tidak menjadi korban dari persaingan tidak sehat dalam pasar bebas yang berakibat terjadinya krisis ekonomi.

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This study is mainly focused on the impact ofthe intense competitiveness of the free market, which can be traced on the economic crisis in the United State of America 2007-2008. The method of the research is qualitative based on analytical description. The findings of the research suggest that govemment should play its role as a fair regulator in the free market competition. Whereas society as prime actor in the tice market system is expected to enhance their understanding on the conditions of market and products traded in the market, so that they are not trapped in the tmfair economic competition lead to the economic crisis."

"Studi ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh dari kondisi ekonomi dan finansial di ASEAN-5, serta pengaruh model persaingan industri perbankan di setiap negara anggota ASEAN-5 terhadap komponen pendapatan bank. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel berupa pada panel data dari periode Januari 2011 hingga Desember 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di ASEAN-5, komponen pendapatan bank yang terpengaruh oleh kondisi ekonomi dan finansial di ASEAN-5 adalah pendapatan komisi dan biaya, disusul dengan NII dan provision of loss, kemudian operating expense, dan terakhir trading income. Ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh terkuat kondisi ekonomi dan finansial ada pada komponen non-NII. Dari segi ukuran bank, yang paling dipengaruhi adalah bank besar (large bank). Untuk model persaingan, indikator yang dipakai adalah concentration ratio, dan di ASEAN-5 negara yang paling konsisten banyak terpengaruh komponen pendapatannya adalah Indonesia.

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This research purposes to understand the effect of economics dan financial condition in ASEAN-5 and the effect of banking industry competitiveness model of each country in ASEAN-5 towards bank income components. This research is using samples of panel data from January 2011 until December 2020. Results show that in ASEAN-5, bank income component that is the most affected from economics and financial condition in ASEAN-5 is commission and fees income, then NII and provision of loss, and then operating expense, and lastly trading income. This shows that the strongest effect of economics and financial condition is in non-NII components. From bank size perspective, large bank is the most affected by economics and financial condition. From competitiveness model perspective, indicator used is concentration ratio, and Indonesia is the one that consistently affected by concentration ratio."