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"ABSTRACTInternal Erosion initiated by water movement along channels called tunnel erosion, oftencrack or defect the dam?s structure. It is one of the main causes of water structure?s (dams,dikes, etc.) collapse. This phenomenon can be divided into 3 phases, tunnelling, collapse, andthe opening of the channel inside the dam [1]:- ?Tunnelling? transport large quantities of particles due to the hydraulic gradient. It?s happenfast in a preferential path especially in some point of dam structure?s weaknesses.- The gradual collapse of the roof of tunnel erosion allows the expansion of the channel.- The opening of the channel is started after the collapse of the channel by tunnel erosion.Research has been done to explain the phenomenon of collapse, but there are still questions,including the formulation, phase, and form of the rupture. Moreover, the equation usedis not always adapted to the various cases of the soil. Research by Hunt and Hanson showedthe different phases of a dam collapse with a rate of expansion of a hole driven only by theconstraint of shearing.Through this numerical study, we find that their hypothesis is not correct, because thereare other parameters that affect this phenomenon and also the effect of traction force. Thestudy is simplified by modelling an earthen dam with a given cavity; where the undrained cohesionis controlled to see at which value of cohesion the fracture achieved. This simplificationis the opposite in the real case, where the cohesion is fixed but the cavity expands. Wefind that the collapse of the earthen dam because of the tunnel erosion occurs in two stages:the arching effect in the channel across the dam that makes vertical sag then collapse, and theexpansion of the channel which is inclined more like a slope. The high of the dam and theform of the ?tunnel? cavity also influenced the failure mode."

"ABSTRAKPenelitan ini dilakukan untuk memperbaiki aplikasi yang digunakan pada perhitungan lama penyinaran matahari. Penelitian yang sudah dilakukan menggunakan metode opening untuk segmentasi kartu pias. Kesalahan atau kegagalan segmentasi disebabkan oleh objek kecil yang terbakar kartu pias dan atau benda tipis tetapi tembus cahaya, sehingga objek tersebut hilang sebagian atau membentuk area pemisahan objek. Berdasarkan kesalahan atau kegagalan segmentasi dalam penelitian di atas, maka penelitian yang akan dilakukan adalah mengembangkan aplikasi serupa dengan mengganti salah satu metode dengan erosi morphologi. Pengujian dilakukan dengan 92 data dan hasilnya menyatakan bahwa Erosi dengan Radius = 3 menjadi metode alternatif terbaik dalam penelitian ini dengan RMSE 3.14."

"ABSTRACTNowadays, the ways, how to solve the mass transportation problem in the big city become the major problem for the government. Some difficulties come when the mass transportation facilities can't be build at the ground surface because many buildings and services will be disturbed. For avoiding that, the mass transportation facilities usually are built in the underground. It means that we have to excavate the underground to make a tunnel. Excavating a tunnel generates ground displacements and deformations, which can affect the existing buildings and services in urban sites and can lead to unacceptable damages. To predict and to solve the all affects of excavating and tunneling have been a major engineering challenge.A numerical analysis by using the finite difference method was implemented in the aim of developing a procedure for forecasting the all affects induced by tunneling. The influences of the strain-softening of the soil in the tunneling were discussed in this study. To take into account these behaviors, the Mohr-Coulomb criterion with strain-softening behavior were applied and as the comparison data we used the Mohr-Coulomb criterion without strain-softening behavior. We defined a new approximation for defining the strain-softening model. Two new constants obtained from the triaxial test, were used for defining this model. In this definition, the strain-softening behavior of the soil will depend on a;, and the peak values of cohesion and friction angle of the soil. This study presented also the implementation of convergence-confinement method by using the deconfinement modeling and the Sequential Excavation Method (SEM). For deconfinement modeling, we analyzed in two dimensional with plane strain condition. And for the Sequential Excavation Method, we analyzed in axisymmetric condition and in three-dimensional condition. The finite difference software, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC), was used for simulating all the problems."

"Used Bleaching Earth Cake (UBEC) tergolong kedalam limbah B3 sehingga membutuhkan penanganan yang komperhensif. Berdasarkan karakteristik UBEC, ada beberapa alternatif pengolahan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengelola dan memaksimalkan penggunaan dari UBEC. Oleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini diuji karakteristik fisik dan kimia dari UBEC untuk mengetahui potensi nya sebagai Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). Setelah itu dilakukan perbandingan 2 skenario pengolahan. Skenario pertama adalah pembakaran UBEC sebagai RDF pada rotary kiln kemudian abu yang dihasilkan akan digunakan sebagai subtitusi agregat halus pada pembuatan beton K350. Skenario kedua adalah pembakaran UBEC sebagi RDF pada Compressed Air Furnace dimana abu yang dihasilkan digunakan subtitusi semen pada pembuatan mortar pasangan tipe N. Sehinga didapatkan skenario mana yang terbaik dalam integrasi pengolahan limbah UBEC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UBEC terdiri dari material bleaching earth (Monmorillonite 53.3% and Klinoptilolith 40%), residu oli, dan pengotor (logam berat, residu karbonc, dan lain lain.). UBEC juga memenuhi standar kriteria sebagai RDF. Pada skenario 1 kuat tekan terbaik produk beton dicapai pada penggantian komposisi pasir dengan 10% ash rotary dimana kuat tekannya mencapai 38,45 Mpa dan daya serapnya 5,8%. Pada skenario 2 kuat tekan mortar pasangan tidak dapat terdeteksi dengan adanya penggantian semen dengan ash CAF. Kuat tekan diteliti melalui produk beton dan yang terbaik dicapai pada penggantian komposisi semen dengan 10% ash CAF dimana kuat tekannya mencapai 31,40 Mpa dan daya serapnya 9,3 %. Kedua komposisi terbaik tersebut telah diuji TCLP nya dan kedua nya memenuhi standar baku mutu PP 101 tahun 2014. Berdasarkan perbandingan aspek, kualitas produk olahan abu pembakaran, penaatan pada peraturan lingkungan dan keamanan produk terhadap lingkungan, serta nilai ekonomis dari tiap skenario dapat ditentukan skenario pengolahan terintegrasi yang paling baik dalam mengolah UBEC adalah skenario 1

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Used Bleaching Earth Cake (UBEC), is categorized as hazardous waste that requires comprehensive handling. Refering to UBECs characteristic, there are view alternative treatments that can be use to handle and maximizing the utilities of UBEC.  Therefore, in this study tested the physcical and chemical characteristic of UBEC to determine its potential as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). After that a comparison of 2 processing scenarios was carried out. The first scenario is the combustion of UBEC as RDF on the rotary kiln, then the resulting ash will be used as subtle aggregate substitution in the manufacture of K350 concrete. The second scenario is the combustion of UBEC as RDF in Compressed Air Furnace (CAF) where the resulting ash is used as cement substitution in the manufacture of N-type mortar masonry. So we may conclude the best integrated treatment scenario to carry out for treating UBEC. The result showed that UBEC consisted of earth bleaching materials (Montmorillonite 53.3% and Klinoptilolith 40%), oil residues, and impurities (heavy metals, carbon dioxide residues, etc.). UBEC also meets the criteria standards for RDF. In scenario 1 the best compressive strength of the concrete product is achieved by replacing the composition of the sand with 10% rotary ash where the compressive strength reaches 38.45 Mpa and its water absorption is 5.8%. In scenario 2 the mortar masonry compressive strength cannot be detected by the replacement of cement with CAF ash. Compressive strength was examined through concrete products and the best was achieved by replacing cement composition with 10% ash CAF where the compressive strength reached 31.40 Mpa and its water absorptionis 9.3%. The two best compositions have been tested for TCLP and both of them meet the quality standard of PP 101 year 2014. Based on the comparison of view aspects: the quality of refined ash products, compliancewith environmental regulations and product safety for the environment, and also the economic value of each scenario,we can be determined the best integrated processing scenario in by processing UBEC in scenario 1."

"Geografis Indonesia berlokasi pada kawasan Ring of Fire yang  membuat Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang sangat rawan terhadap gempa. Sambungan pondasi dengan pile cap  termasuk bagian yang rawan rusak ketika terjadi gempa. Melihat hal tersebut dan masih jarangnya penelitian terkait perilaku spun pile yang tersambung ke pile cap, maka dilakukan penelitian tersebut pada studi ini. Studi numerik kinerja spun pile D1200 akibat pembebanan monotonic pada tanah soft clay bertujuan untuk melihat perilaku dari spun pile yang tersambung pada pile cap dengan basis kondisi di pelabuhan. Studi dilakukan dengan 2 tahap yaitu studi validasi dan studi parametrik

Studi parametrik pada penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah dan tujuan penelitian. Studi parametrik dilakukan dengan variasi rasio tulangan longitudinal beton pengisi spun pile, kuat geser tanah, panjang free standing, dan besar gaya aksial. Permodelan pada studi ini menggunakan software Lpile dan SAP2000. Software Lpile ditujukan untuk memodelkan kurva p-y tanah yang digunakan sebagai model tanah nonlinier pada SAP2000. Permodelan SAP2000 dilakukan dengan pembebanan pushover dan permodelan penampang dengan section designer.

Hasil permodelan pada studi ini dianalisis dengan melihat kapasitas penampang, kurva load-displacement, daktilitas, dan proses terbentuknya sendi plastis. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa penambahan beton pengisi spun pile akan menambah kapasitas penampang. Penambahan rasio tulangan beton pengisi, semakin besar kuat geser tanah, dan semakin besar gaya aksial menunjukkan peningkatan pada kekuatan dan kekakuan struktur. Namun, pada penambahan panjang free standing menunjukkan penurunan kekuatan dan kekakuan struktur.

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Geographically, Indonesia is located in the Ring of Fire area which makes Indonesia become one of the countries most prone to earthquakes. The connection of pile-pile cap is prone to damage when earthquakes occur. Refer to that things dan there are only a few study about behavior of connection spun pile-pile cap, the research was carried out in this study. Numerical Study Of Spun Pile D1200 Performance Due To Monotonic Loading In Soft Clay Soil aims to see the behavior of spun pile-pile cap connection which refer to a port condition. The study was conducted in 2 stage, there are validation studies and parametric studies.

Parametric study in this research is aim to answer the problem formulation and  research objectives. Parametric Studies are carried out with variations in the ratio of longitudinal reinforcement of spun pile infill, soil shear strength, free standing length, and axial load. On this study, the structure modelling used Lpile and SAP2000. Lpile was used to get p-y curves of the soil that will use to nonlinier soil modelling on SAP2000. SAP2000 modeling carried out with pushover loading and using section designer to model the spun pile section.

The results of this study analize was analyzed with strength capacity, load-displacement curves, ductility, and the process of plastic hinge. The results showed that the addition of concrete infill will increase the strength capacity of spun pile. The addition of reinforcement ratio of concrete infill, the greater soil shear strength and axial load showed an increase in structural strength and stiffness. However, the addition of the length of free standing shows a decrease in structural strength and stiffness."

"Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan analisis pada struktur baja dengan sistem concentric braced frameterhadap ketahanannya mengatasi progressive collapse saat terjadinya penghilangan kolom. Metode analisis yang akan digunakan adalah analisis statis linear dan nonlinear dengan maksud untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari kedua metode analisis. Variasi pada jumlah lantai dan lokasi penghilangan kolom dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungannya dengan proses terjadinya progressive collapse.Model yang digunakan adalah model berdasarkan jurnal acuan dan model berdasarkan hasil desain sesuai dengan SNI 1726:2012. Penggunaan standar desain bangunan gempa dilakukan pada tahap desain untuk menentukan ketahanan struktur bangunan di Indonesia terhadap progressive collapse.  Nilai demand capacity ratio dan overload factorakan digunakan untuk mengetahui dampak terjadinya penghilangan kolom terhadap struktur terhadap kekokohan struktur. Didapatkan bahwa semakin banyak jumlah lantai, semakin kuat struktur terhadap progressive collapse. Struktur berdasarkan hasil desain SNI memberikan struktur yang lebih kuat terhadap progressive collapse. 

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In this study an analysis of steel structures with a concentric braced frame system will be carried out to analyze the resistance to progressive collapse during column removal. The analytical method that will be used is static linear and nonlinear analysis with a view to knowing the effectiveness of the two analysis methods. Variations on the number of floors and locations of column removal were carried out to determine the relationship with the progressive collapse process.

The models used are based on reference journals and based on design results in accordance with SNI 1726: 2012. The use of earthquake building design standards was carried out at the design stage to determine the resistance of building structures in Indonesia to progressive collapse. The value of the demand capacity ratio and overload factor will be used to determine the impact of the removal of columns on the structure against the robustness of the structure. It was found that the higher the structure, the stronger the structure regarding progressive collapse. The structure based on SNI design result provides a structure that is resistance towards progressive collapse."

"Progressive Collapse merupakan penyebaran kegagalan lokal awal dari elemen ke elemen yang mengakibatkan keruntuhan seluruh struktur atau sebagian besar struktur. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan linear static analysis dan nonlinear static analysis untuk mengetahui potensi terjadinya progressive collapse. Validasi terhadap linear static analysis dilakukan pada bangunan yang ada pada UFC 04-023-03. Studi parametrik dilakukan pada bangunan baja dengan sistem eccentrically braced frame yang diambil dari jurnal dan bangunan yang dirancang berdasarkan SNI 1726:2012. Terdapat tiga macam variasi, yaitu variasi jumlah lantai (4, 8, dan 15 lantai), variasi skenario penghilangan kolom (kolom pinggir dan kolom tengah) dan perbedaan metode analisis. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah semakin banyak jumlah lantai maka semakin kuat suatu bangunan. Skenario penghilangan kolom pinggir juga akan menghasilkan keadaan yang lebih parah dibandingkan dengan penghilangan kolom tengah. Nilai demand capacity ratio akibat linear static analysis lebih besar dibandingkan dengan nonlinear static analysis.

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Progressive Collapse is the initial spread of local failure from element to element which results in the collapse of all structures or a disproportionately large part of it. In this study, linear static analysis and nonlinear static analysis were performed to determine the potential for progressive collapse. Validation of linear static analysis method was carried out on a building in UFC 04-023-03. Parametric studies are carried out on steel buildings with eccentrically braced frame taken from journal and buildings designed based on SNI 1726: 2012. There are three variations, variation in the number of floors (4, 8, and 15 floors), variation in column removal scenarios (edge columns and middle columns), and variation in analysis methods. The conclusion of this study is the more number of floors, the stronger a building is. The scenario of removing the edge column will also produce a more severe condition than the removal of the middle column. The value of the demand capacity ratio due to linear static analysis is greater than nonlinear static analysis."

"Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan yang disampaikan oleh LKPPUI terkait dugaan pelanggaran terhadap prinsip due process of law yang dilakukan oleh Majelis Komisi dalam Perkara Nomor 07/KPPU-L/2007. Menurut LKPPUI, Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha ("Komisi") telah melanggar aturan mengenai jangka waktu pemeriksaan pendahuluan, pemeriksaan lanjutan, dan putusan Komisi. Selain itu, para Terlapor dalam perkara tersebut juga mendalilkan bahwa Komisi telah melanggar prinsip due process of law dalam memeriksa dan mengadili perkara tersebut.Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1. Apakah pengaturan tentang prosedur beracara di Komisi telah mendasarkan pada prinsip due process of law? 2. Bagaimana penerapan prinsip due process of law dalam Putusan Komisi Nomor 07/KPPU-L/2007 tentang dugaan Pelanggaran oleh Kelompok Usaha Temasek? Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji prinsip due process of law dalam prosedur beracara di Komisi, dan mengkaji prinsip due process of law dalam Putusan Komisi Nomor 07/KPPU-L/2007 tentang dugaan Pelanggaran oleh Kelompok Usaha Temasek.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif yaitu penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder. Data yang digunakan dalam tesis ini adalah bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder, dan bahan hukum tersier. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan suatu kegiatan studi dokumen terhadap data sekunder.Teori yang digunakan dalam Tesis ini adalah teori hukum progresif sebagaimana yang digagas oleh Satjipto Rahardjo.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan mengenai prosedur beracara di Komisi baik dalam Peraturan Komisi Nomor 1 Tahun 2010 maupun peraturan Komisi sebelumnya yakni Peraturan Komisi Nomor 1 Tahun 2006, telah mendasarkan pada prinsip due process of law. Disamping itu, prinsip due process of law diterapkan juga oleh Majelis Komisi yang memeriksa dan mengadili Perkara Nomor 07/KPPU-L/2007. Adapun saran dalam penelitian ini adalah dilakukan perubahan terhadap Peraturan Komisi Nomor 1 Tahun 2010 mengenai batas waktu pemeriksaan, dimana perlu dibedakan antara pemeriksaan yang melibatkan pelaku usaha asing dengan pemeriksaan yang hanya melibatkan pelaku usaha dalam negeri.

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This research lifted up the issue conveyed by LKPPUI related to alleged violations for due process of law principle conducted by an assembly commission in case number 07/KPPU-L/2007. According to LKPPUI, Business Competition Supervisory Commission ("Commission") had violated the rules on the length of time preliminary examination, further examination, and the decision of Commission. Besides, the reported on the case also postulated that Commission had violated the due process of law principle in examine and prosecute the case.That is assessed the issue is: 1. Whether the arrangement about The Competition Law Procedure has been to base on due process of law principle? 2. How the application of due process of law principle in The Decision of Commission number 07/KPPU-L/2007 about Temasek is a cross ownership of the share. The purpose of the research is to assess due process of law principle in The Competition Law Procedure and to assess due process of law principle in The Decision of Commission number 07/KPPU-L/2007.The research using normative research method, it is law research conducted with researching library materials or secondary materials. The materials using in the Thesis is primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The collection of materials conducted with the study of documents for secondary materials.The theory used in the Thesis is Progressive Legal Theories as is held by Satjipto Rahardjo.The research result indicate that The Competition Law Procedure either in the regulation of Commission number 1 of 2010 nor regulation of Commission number 1 of 2006, it has been base on due process of law principle. Besides that, assembly Commission in case number 07/KPPU-L/2007 also to application of due process of law principle. As for advice in the research is necessary to amendments for regulation of Commission number 1 of 2010 about the time limit to investigation, where necessary distinguished between examination for foreign businessman with examination for domestic businessman."