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Orangutan is the Asian representative of the great apes. Its present range is confined to dwindling areas on the islands of Sumatera (Pongo abelii) and Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) (Rijksen & Meijaard, 1999). Orangutans are arboreal (Rijksen, 1978; Galdikas, 1978), frugivorous (MacKinnon, 1974) and live semi-solitary in fission- fusion societies (Delgado & van Schaik, 2000). Ketambe, one of the major orangutan sites, supports a population density of 3-5 ind/km2 . Ketambe Research Center, which is based in Gunung Leuser Ecosystem, was run since early 1970. There are at least six families of orangutans living in the research areal of 450 ha, including the offspring of the ex rehabilitation orangutans. Orangutans in this area have been studied since 1971, where many behavioral and ecological studies have been conducted.. One of the most important studies identified matrilines within Ketambe based on genetic analysis (Atmoko, 2000) Female orangutans in Ketambe tend to be philopatric which means that they remain in their natal or birth groups. This condition is the result of intense competition among individual orangutans over food patchs because they often form dominance relations when meeting in the same food patch. Dominan ranking of ex-rehabilitation orangutans, based on a liniear index of responses in the context of displacement at a food patch, tends to be lower than those of wild orangutans. Orangutans travel and forage to find food patches within their habitat. By using software GIS Arc View 3.3, Day Journey Length (DHL) adult females including ex-rehabilitation female orangutan ex-rehabilitant is known to be 37-2.106 meters with an average between 437-795 meter. The matrilinial relationship between individuals influence each other in foraging and competition to form home ranges, especially for females. Orangutans matrilines tend to have overlapping home ranges between 46,66% - 97,07%)."

"Penelitian mengenai ekologi orang utan di hutan primer seluas 330 ha dan hutan bekas tebangan seluas 83 ha, Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, telah dilakukan sejak Juli 2009-Juli 2010, dengan data tambahan pada 1993-1995 (sebelum penebangan) dan 2003-2008 (pasca penebangan) khusus untuk daerah jelajah orang utan. Perbandingan kedua tipe habitat di hutan primer dan hutan bekas tebangan dilakukan melalui analisis vegetasi, fruit trail, nest count, pemanfaatan fruit patch per km dan penggunaan daerah jelajah. Pengambilan data vegetasi dilakukan dengan metode kuadrat sebanyak 20 plot. Sedangkan untuk fruit trail dan nest count menggunakan metode transek (4 jalur transek sepanjang 9,1 km), dan untuk pemanfaatan fruit patch per km serta penggunaan daerah jelajah orang utan menggunakan metode focal animal instantaneous dan GPS. Analisis statistik nonparametrik Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan penggunaan kedua tipe habitat. Analisis korelasi Spearman digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan kepadatan sarang (nest counts), kelimpahan pohon berbuah (fruit trails) dengan jelajah orang utan, serta hubungan antara sumber pakan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jelajah orang utan. Analisis GIS Arc View 3.2 dan Arc GIS 9.3 digunakan untuk melihat luas daerah jelajah orang utan. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan terdapat 275 pohon dari 99 jenis pohon di hutan primer dengan 67 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Sedangkan untuk hutan bekas tebangan terdapat 303 pohon dari 87 jenis pohon dengan 56 jenis diantaranya merupakan pohon pakan berbuah. Hutan primer tersusun atas vegetasi asli, sedangkan hutan bekas tebangan tersusun oleh vegetasi perintis. Indeks Keanekaragaman (H?) di hutan primer 3,074; di hutan bekas tebangan 2,961 dan Indeks Kesamaan (ISs) pohon 59,70%; liana 61%, sehingga menyimpulkan bahwa kedua habitat hampir sama dan proses pemulihan hutan dalam 8 tahun terlihat berjalan dengan baik walaupun belum mencapai suksesi akhir. Kelimpahan pohon berbuah tertinggi terjadi pada Juni ? Agustus pada setiap tahun. Kepadatan orang utan berkorelasi positif terhadap ketersediaan buah di hutan primer, tetapi pola yang sama tidak terlihat di hutan bekas tebangan. Jarak jelajah jantan (Asymp.Sig = 0,439) atau betina (Asymp.Sig = 0,121) sebelum penebangan (1993-1995) dan pascapenebangan I (2003-2008), ataupun pascapenebangan II (2009-2010) tidak ada perbedaan. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan (0,307 di hutan primer dan 0,119 di hutan bekas tebangan) antara kelimpahan pohon (semua jenis) berbuah di trails dengan jarak jelajah orang utan. Namun demikian, terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sumber pakan orang utan berbuah (fruit patches) dengan jarak jelajah orang utan (0,022 di hutan primer dan 0,015 di hutan bekas tebangan). Tujuan orang utan menjelajah untuk mencari sumber pakan khususnya pakan berbuah (Asymp.Sig = 0,005). Berdasarkan hasil analisis diketahui pula, 79% orang utan menggunakan hutan primer dan 21% hutan bekas tebangan sebagai daerah jelajahnya.

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Research on ecology of orangutans in 330 ha area of which is pristine forest and 83 ha of which has been logged, Ketambe Research Station. The study was conducted in July 2009-July 2010, with additional ranging data from 1993 to 1995 and data from 2003 to 2008. Comparison of these two habitat types was done through analysis of vegetation, fruit trail, nest counts, use of food patches per km and use of ranging. Vegetation data collected from squares method (20 sampling plots), fruit trail and nest count 9.1 km transect lines. Ranging data were collected by focal animal instantaneous sampling and GPS. Arc GIS 3.2 and Arc View GIS 9.3 were used for the analysis of ranging area and tested with Mann-Whitney. The results of vegetation analysis revealed that in unlogged forest there were 275 trees comprising 99 species with 67 species being orangutan food trees, whereas in logged forest there were 303 trees with 87 species of which 56 species were orangutan food trees. Unlogged forests are typically composed of native vegetation whereas logged forests comprise pioneer species. Diversity Index (H?) in unlogged forest 3,074; in logged 2,961 and Similarity index (ISs) to trees 59,70%; liana 61%, revealed that both habitats are similar and natural succession during the past eight years has been progressing well although pioneer trees such as Elateriospermum tapos and Macaranga sp. were still present in the logged forest. Fruit trails studies revealed that levels of productivity of trees fruiting were highest between June-August in each year. Nest counts showed that the productivity of fruit trees was positively correlated to the density of orangutans. Orangutan density was positively correlated to fruit availability in unlogged forest, but the same pattern is seen in logged forest. A range pattern of male and female on before and after logging were not difference. They used primary forest wider than in logged area. There was no significant relationship (0.307 and 0.119 in the unlogged forest in logged forest) between the abundance of fruit trees (all) in trails with a orangutans range. However, there is a significant relationship between orangutan fruit patches with an orangutan?s range (0.022 in the unlogged forest and 0.015 in logged forest). Orangutans prefer to range use the primary forest (79%) as compared to logged forest (21%)."

"Salah satu kegiatan yang paling penting untuk kelangsungan hidup adalah makan. Produksi makanan orang utan dapat dipengaruhi oleh musim (curah hujan, temperatur, kelembaban). Dalam penelitian terlihat bahwa produksi daun muda di Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe dipengaruhi oleh kelembaban, sedangkan produksi buah dan bunga tidak dipengaruhi oleh musim. Untuk melihat perubahan perilaku makan yang dilakukan oleh orang utan jantan dewasa, jantan remaja, dan betina dewasa dapat digunakan metode Focal Animal sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan orang utan lebih suka makan buah berdaging saat produksi buah berlimpah, tetapi saat produksi buah langka, maka orang utan akan mengonsumsi serangga, daun muda, vegetasi, daun tua, bunga dan kategori lain-lain. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa betina dewasa relatif lebih banyak memakan serangga daripada jantan dikarenakan orang utan betina dewasa beradaptasi untuk memperoleh protein guna pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Selain itu, dalam penelitian ditemukan pula ada perbedaan perilaku makan daun tua, bunga, serangga, vegetasi dan kategori lain-lain antara jantan dewasa, jantan remaja, dan betina dewasa.

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One of the most important activities for survival is feeding. Productivity of orang utan food was effect by weather (rain, temperature, humidity). The results of this investigation indicate that the young leaves season at Ketambe Research Station in Sumatra is influenced by humidity, while the fruiting season and flower season are not influenced by weather. To see feeding behavioral change at orang utan we use Focal Animal Sampling method. Orangutans prefer to eat fruits with soft pulp when fruit is abundant, but will fall-back on insect, young leaves, vegetation, mature leaves, flower and other food items when fruit is not available. We also examined patterns of feeding behaviour among adult males, sub-adult males, and adult females. We found that adult females spend a greater proportion of time feeding on insects relative to all males, perhaps as an adaptation to obtain enough protein for adequate growth and development of dependent offspring. In addition, we found additional differences among these age/sex classes in feeding behaviour on mature leaves, flowers, insect, vegetation and other food items."

"Komunikasi suara memainkan peran penting dalam sistem sosial primata. Dalam kehidupan sosial, orangutan berkomunikasi jarak jauh dengan individu lain melalui seruan panjang (long call). Kemampuan mengeluarkan seruan panjang yang dapat terdengar jauh ini terbatas hanya pada orangutan jantan berpipi. Studi jangka panjang telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1988 di Stasiun Penelitian Ketambe, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, Aceh Tenggara mengenai seruan panjang ini.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah:Pertama, mengidentifikasi interaksi antara orangutan jantan berpipi dan antara orangutan jantan berpipi dengan betina.Kedua, menentukan fungsi seruan panjang bagi asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association).Ketiga, menentukan pola seruan panjang orangutan jantan, apakah mengeluarkan seruan panjang di lokasi tertentu misalnya pohon Ficus spp., pohon nonFicus spp., dan pohon sarang.Asosiasi jangkauan suara yang digunakan oleh jantan berpipi adalah suatu strategi jantan untuk menjaga jarak dekat dengan betina dan menolak kehadiran jantan lain yang berada di sekitarnya. Meskipun strategi seperti ini pernah diamati oleh para peneliti sebelumnya, kejadiannya di lapangan belum pernah secara kuantitatif diverifikasi. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengikuti individu target menggunakan metode Ad Libitum untuk merekam interaksi yang terjadi.Berdasarkan studi jangka panjang ini, telah dikonfirmasi ada hirarki non-linier antara jantan berpipi dan ada satu jantan dominan. Selain itu, status sosial yang tinggi dari orangutan jantan berpipi adalah tidak permanen. Selanjutnya, betina dewasa diketahui paling sering ditemukan di sekitar jantan berpipi yang dominan, sehingga membentuk asosiasi di sekitar jantan yang dominan. Respon jelajah jantan terhadap seruan panjang saling menjauhi, sebaliknya respon jelajah betinan terhadap seruan panjang saling mendekati.Penelitian yang juga menunjukkan bahwa, asosiasi bergerak mengikuti di sekitar lokasi dan posisi seruan panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh jantan yang dominan telah membuktikan ada asosiasi jangkauan suara (earshot association). Seruan panjang lebih sering dipancarkan di tepi studi area dan juga di pohon sarang tidur. Hasil ini menyimpulkan bahwa seruan panjang berfungsi menjaga dan memandu betina yang tinggal dalam radius jangkauan suara terdengar.

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Vocal communication plays an importan role in primate social system. In a social life, orangutans communicate with other individual through long calls. However, this behavior is limited to the flanged males orangutan. The long-term studies were conducted since 1988 in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Southeast Aceh regarding this behavior; nonetheless, the reasons of long calls are still unclear.

Therefore, the purposes of the study are:

First, identify the interactions of males and females orangutan while long-calls are emitted.

Second, determine the function of long-calls as a guidance to keep earshot association.

Third, determine the pattern of male orangutans long call at a specific locations e.g. fig tree, non-fig tree, and nest tree.

Earshot association is a spacing strategy employed by the flanged males to keep close distance to females, while repelling other males orangutan. Although this strategie has been observed by previous researchers, its existence in the field has never been quantitatively verified before. Data were collected by following the individual target using Ad Libitum method to record their interaction.

Based on this long-term study, a non-linear hierarchy between flanged males and a dominant flanged male is confirmed. In addition, the high social status of flanged males orangutan is not permanent. Furthermore, adult females are most frequently found around the dominant flanged male, thus forming associations around the dominant male.

This study also shows the association is moving around to follow the location and position of long call emitted by the dominant male confirming earshot association. Long calls act as a guidance to keep the association between flanged male and other individuals. When the long-calls emitted by a dominant male, other flanged males are generally keep their distance whereas females are approaching the long-calls? source. The dominant male spend a long time in the fig trees than other males. In addition, males spend their time in the middle of the study area in which overlapped with adult females. Based on the rate of long calls, flanged males more frequently emitted the long calls on the edge of study area and also in the nest tree. These results conclude the long-calls could maintain the association with adult females who live in the similar range with the flanged male (earshot association)."

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami proses preservasi pengetahuan di perpustakaan komunitas, mengidentifikasi pengetahuan penting yang harus dipelihara di perpustakaan komunitas, mengidentifikasi masalah penyebab ancaman kehilangan pengetahuan, serta menganalisis nilai potensial yang ada di perpustakaan komunitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, yang berfokus pada intepretasi pengetahuan yang dimilikipengelola serta pengalaman relawan dan masyarakat sekitar dalam memaknai keberadaan perpustakaan komunitas di wilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan enam tahap proses preservasi pengetahuan dari World Bank (1998). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengetahuan tacit yang dimiliki pengelola merupakan pengetahuan yang penting dalam pengelolaan perpustakaan komunitasdan sebagian kecil preservasi pengetahuan telah dilakukan secara tidak sadar oleh pengelola, khususnya tahap diseminasi pengetahuan. Akan tetapi, pengelola belum menyadari bahwa pengetahuan yang dimilikinya dan pengetahuan relawan yang terlibat merupakan aset penting dalam pengelolaan Rumah Baca Zikri. Selain itu, melalui preservasi pengetahuan ini dapat ditangkap beberapa maknakeberadaan Rumah Baca Zikri yaitu seperti nilai kekeluargaan, kebersamaan, kerja sama, keikhlasan, pengorbanan, tanggung jawab, kemandirian, kemanusiaan serta terdapat juga unsur kepercayaan;This research aims to understand the knowledge preservation in communitylibrary, to indentify the important knowledge that have to be preserved in a community library, to identify the core problem of knowledge loss and to analyze the values which are embedded in community library. The research was conducted by using qualitative method with case study approach that mainly focused on the interpretation of owner/manager’s knowledge and the experiences of volunteers, users and surrounding neighbors. This research is based on the sixsteps of knowledge preservation from World Bank (1998). The result shows that owner’s tacit knowledge is an essential knowledge to maintain the library and also reveals that few of the six steps have already been done, especially the knowledge dissemination phase. Unfortunately, the owner has not yet realized that his knowledge is an important asset to manage his library. Aside from that, by doingthis research, some values that are embedded in community library such as, kinship, togetherness, team work, sincerity, sacrifice, independency, humanity, and also personal trust can also be gathered, This research aims to understand the knowledge preservation in communitylibrary, to indentify the important knowledge that have to be preserved in acommunity library, to identify the core problem of knowledge loss and to analyzethe values which are embedded in community library. The research wasconducted by using qualitative method with case study approach that mainlyfocused on the interpretation of owner/manager’s knowledge and the experiencesof volunteers, users and surrounding neighbors. This research is based on the sixsteps of knowledge preservation from World Bank (1998). The result shows thatowner’s tacit knowledge is an essential knowledge to maintain the library and alsoreveals that few of the six steps have already been done, especially the knowledgedissemination phase. Unfortunately, the owner has not yet realized that hisknowledge is an important asset to manage his library. Aside from that, by doingthis research, some values that are embedded in community library such as,kinship, togetherness, team work, sincerity, sacrifice, independency, humanity,and also personal trust can also be gathered]"

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang pemeliharaan khususnya koleksi buku di Perpustakaan Erasmus Huis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemeliharaan buku di Perpustakaan Erasmus Huis dan Kendala yang menghambat pelaksanaan pelestarian buku. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Informan dalam penelitian adalah kepala Perpustakaan Erasmus Huis. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis kerusakan dan cara untuk mempertahankan kondisi fisik buku dengan kesimpulan Perpustakaan Erasmus Huis telah menjalankan pemeliharaan buku berdasarkan pengetahuan pribadi pustakawan. Namun, terdapat kendala dalam pelaksanaan pemeliharaan tersebut yaitu keamanan, pengetahuan pustakawan mengenai pemeliharaan dan belum tersedianya rambu cara penggunaan buku di perpustakaan.

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This thesis describes about caring particularly book collections in Erasmus Huis Library. The purpose of this research is to knowing the book caring in Erasmus Huis Library. This research is uses qualitative approach with study case method. Sample in this research is a head of Erasmus Huis Library.

The result of this research is to identifying type of damage and how to caring the physical condition of a book, with conclusion: The Erasmus Huis Library has run caring book based on personal knowledge of librarian. However, there are constraints in the implementation of the caring security on book, knowledge of librarian, about the sign using books in the library."

"Skripsi ini membahas Preservasi Koleksi Foto di Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran Surakarta. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan komponen kegiatan preservasi foto dan mengidentifikasi penyebab kerusakan. Pengambilan data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus meliputi observasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terpenuhinya komponen piramida preservasi Teygeler yaitu preventive conservation, passive conservation dan active conservation. Komponen yang belum terpenuhi yaitu restoration. Faktor penyebab kerusakan koleksi foto diantaranya adalah faktor usia, pemudaran warna, dimakan serangga atau rayap, pengaruh suhu dan lingkungan yang tidak sesuai, vandalisme, dan bencana alam. Kendala yang dihadapi Rekso Pustoko dalam upaya preservasi foto yaitu kurangnya sumber daya manusia, anggaran, dan fasilitas pendukung.

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This mini-thesis describes preservation of photo collection conducted in Rekso Pustoko Mangkunegaran Surakarta. The purpose of this study is to describe the components of photo preservation activities and to identify the causes of damage. Data collecting used qualitative and case study methods. The data was collected through observations, interviews, and literatures. The result of this research was the fulfillment of a pyramid component of Teygeler preservation those are preventive, passive and active conservations.

Components that have not been fulfilled are restoration. Damage factors contributed to the collection of photographs including the factor of age, color fading, eaten by insects or termites, the effect of temperature, and the incompatible environment, vandalism, and natural disasters. Problem faced by Rekso Pustoko in photo preservation efforts are the lack of human resources, budget, and support facilities."

"Beberapa buku terbitan Balai Pustaka merupakan karya intelektual anak bangsa sejak pendudukan Belanda (1917), Jepang (1942) hingga pasca kemerdekaan Indonesia. Koleksi tersebut masih dapat ditemui di Perpustakaan Heritage Balai Pustaka. Mengingat kondisi fisik yang menua, perlu penanganan khusus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh Perpustakaan Heritage Balai Pustaka dalam merawat dan memelihara koleksi buku langka, baik fisik maupun isinya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara, observasi dan analisis dokumen. Pemilihan informan penelitian dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan teori Piramida Preservasi, Perpustakaan Heritage Balai Pustaka belum melakukan kegiatan pelestarian fisik koleksi buku langka melalui kegiatan konservasi aktif dan restorasi. Akan tetapi, perpustakaan melakukan upaya penting untuk melestarikan nilai yang terkandung dalam koleksi buku langka dengan digitalisasi. Kebijakan preservasi, anggaran, dan sumber daya manusia menjadi kendala dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan pelestarian.

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Books published by Balai Pustaka are intellectual works of the nation's children since the Dutch occupation (1917), Japan (1942) until post-independent era. It can still be found in the Balai Pustaka Heritage Library. Considering the physical condition that are aging, special treatment is needed. This study aims to determine the activities carried out by the Balai Pustaka Heritage Library in caring and maintaining a collection of rare books, both physically and the contents. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation and document analysis. Research informants were selected by purposive sampling technique. The results showed that based on the Preservation Pyramid theory, Balai Pustaka Heritage Library has not carried out physical preservation activities for rare book collection through active conservation and restoration activities. However, the library has made an effort to preserve the values contained in the collection of rare books by digitizing them. Preservation policies, budgets, and human resources are obstacles to the implementation of preservation activities."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai perlindungan arsip di BPAD Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Arsip harus dilindungi keberadaanya karena isi informasinya merupakan aset daerah. Penelitian ini dimulai pada bulan Maret sampai bulan Mei 2013. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi upaya perlindungan arsip di BPAD Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi lapangan dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlindungan arsip dari ancaman bencana belum menjadi prioritas dan perhatian BPAD Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Saran yang dapat diberikan adalah BPAD Pemprov DKI Jakarta harus membuat prosedur kesiapsiagaan menghadapi bencana yang dapat mencegah dan meminimalisir kerusakan arsip.

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This research talks about archive protection in “BPAD Pemprov DKI Jakarta”. Archives should be protected because the information contents are considered as asset. The research was conducted from March 2013 until May 2013. This research aims to identify archive protection and achieve protection constraint of “BPAD Pemprov DKI Jakarta”. This research used study case method which qualitative approach. The data were collected by observation and interview. The result shows that archive protection from disaster threat has not been the priority and focus of “BPAD Pemprov DKI Jakarta”. This research suggests that “BPAD Pemprov Jakarta” should make preparedness procedure which can prevent and minimize archive damage."