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"Indonesia needs approximately 2.20 tons of soybean per year. The domestic production only meets 35-40% of the demand and the remaining 60-65% are imported from foreign countries...."

"The main contraint in shallot cultivation is the high incidence of spodoptera exigua. The pest causes significant damage on plant. To control the pest, farmers commonly use insectides exessively. The intensive use of insectides results in inefficiency and polluted environment..."

"Hama, dikenal sebagai salah satu fenomena yang membahayakan dalam kehidupan manusia, karena memiliki banyak kemungkinan untuk menghancurkan sumber daya manusia, tanpa terkecuali koleksi perpustakaan seperti buku, naskah, arsip. Koleksi Perpustakaan rentan mendapat ancaman yang berasal dari agen biologis (makhluk hidup) yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan, baik sedang maupun besar. Penyebab datangnya hama disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti temperatur, kelembaban, dan lingkungan yang kotor.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menelusuri indikasi hama  dan apa saja kerusakan yang terjadi pada koleksi Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia serta upaya-upaya preservasi dan konservasi yang dilakukan.Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus deskriptif yang menguraikan gambaran perservasi dan konservasi koleksi perpustakaan. Penelitian dilakukan di Perpustakaan Universitas Indonesia, menggunakan metode pengumpulan data, observasi, pencatatan dan wawancara serta analisis dokumen.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat beberapa kerusakan baik pada koleksi perpustakaan maupun pada sarana penyimpanan koleksi perpustakaan yang disebabkan oleh debu, serangga (ngengat, kutu buku, kecoa), air, kelembaban, jamur, karat dan hewan pengerat yaitu tikus. Kerusakan terjadi terutama pada koleksi buku terbitan diatas 15 tahun yang lalu. Perservasi dan konservasi yang telah dilakukan meliputi; perbaikan atap yang bocor, relokasi koleksi, melindungi koleksi dengan cara membungkus dengan plastic dan melakukan penyemprotan hama secara berkala.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah hama, seperti serangga, jamur (fungi) dan hewan pengerat seperti tikus, cuaca dan kelembaban udara dapat merusak koleksi yang disimpan di Perpustakaan, dengan demikian preservasi dan konservasi koleksi perpustakaan harus dilakukan secara berkala dan rutin agar kerusakan lebih lanjut tidak terjadi, terutama di ruang penyimpanan koleksi umum yang menyimpan koleksi berbahan kertas.

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Pest, known as one of many hazardous phenomenons in human daily life and having so much possibilities to destroying human resources. Without any exception, the collections on library such as books, archive, and others collections that made from the paper, considered to be fragile when it has a threat from any biological agents. Pests can cause mild or even heavy damage for all those collections.  However, the Cause of Pest infestation can be caused by several factors such as temperature, lights, humidity, or even a dirty environment.

The focus of this research is about Pest Control as the part of Preservation and Conservation subjects on Library and Information Science Department. This research (Mini Thesis) was occurred and held on University of Indonesia Library prior as the part of the researches graduation requirements.

This Research was written and finished by using qualitative methods of research. And the use of Observation, Data Analysis, and Case Study approaches as the methods of information and data gathering.

As the Conclusion, the purpose of this research refer to the explanation about what pests such as insects, fungi (mushrooms), and rodents could do towards the Collections that stored in the Library, especially common collections room that keeps any paper based material collections."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi khamir phylloplane Broussonetia papyrifera asal Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis dan Sukadanu), dan Trowulan, menguji kemampuan khamir antagonis dari daun B. papyrifera asal Desa Sukadanu dan Desa Tunggilis, Garut, Jawa Barat yang berpotensi sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap kapang-kapang penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen serta mengetahui viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80 oC. Sebanyak 2.543 isolat khamir diperoleh dari empat wilayah sampling menggunakan metode washing dan membrane filter method. Pemilihan 82 isolat khamir representatif berdasarkan kemiripan morfologi koloni. Identifikasi khamir dilakukan berdasarkan sequence pada daerah internal transcribed spacer regions ribosomal DNA. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa isolat khamir tersebut terdiri atas 17 genera dan 32 spesies: sebanyak 11 genera termasuk ke dalam Ascomycota (Saccharomycetes dan Dothidiomycetes), dan sebanyak enam genera termasuk Basidiomycota (Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, dan Ustilaginomycetes). Tiga kapang representatif berdasarkan hasil isolasi dari buah tomat dan uji patogenitas dapat menyebabkan kebusukan pada buah tomat pascapanen, yaitu Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, dan Syncephalastrum racemosum. Enam spesies khamir antagonis dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan sporulasi A. alternata, L. theobromae, dan Syn. racemosum yaitu Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. Khamir antagonis dari B. papyrifera memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan kapang A. alternata dan L. theobromae penyebab kebusukan pada buah tomat pada suhu 26--28oC selama 15 hari inkubasi. Khamir C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (100%) disebabkan kapang A. alternata. Khamir C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan kapang dan gejala kebusukan pada buah tomat (67%) yang disebabkan L. theobromae. Hasil pengujian viabilitas khamir setelah dipreservasi pada suhu -80oC selama 180 hari menunjukkan metode tersebut baik untuk preservasi jangka panjang empat spesies khamir potensial agens biokontrol pada buah tomat, yaitu khamir C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475, C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492, Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496, dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513. Seluruh strain yang diuji menunjukkan viabilitas yang tinggi (rerata CFU . 1x 108/ml). Jumlah sel khamir antara lain: C. pseudojiutengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76 x 108 CFU/ml), dan Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml).

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The study was aimed to isolate and identify phylloplane yeasts from Broussonetia papyrifera plants from Bandung (Dago Pojok), Garut (Tunggilis and Sukadanu), and Trowulan; to investigate the yeasts with antagonistic abilities against moulds which attack post-harvest tomato fruits; and to observe the yeast viability after preservation at a temperature of -80 oC. Two thousand five hundred and forty-three yeast isolates were obtained using the washing method and the membrane filter method. Eighty-two representative yeast isolates were selected based on similarity of colony morphology. Identification was based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA).

The identification result showed that the 82 representative isolates were consisted of 17 genera and 32 species. Eleven of these genera are belong to Saccharomycetes and one genus belongs Dothidiomycetes (Ascomycota). Six genera are belong to Tremellomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Ustilaginomycetes (Basidiomycota). Three representative moulds obtained from the pathogenicity test were able to cause serious damage on post-harvest tomato fruits. These moulds were identified as, i.e. Alternaria alternata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum. Six antagonistic yeasts were able to inhibit growth and sporulation of post-harvest tomato moulds, i.e. Candida saopaulonensis UICC Y-492, Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475, Debaryomyces hansenii UICC Y-488, Geotrichum candidum UICC Y-495, Hyphopichia burtonii UICC Y-496, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UICC Y-476. The antagonistic yeasts were tested for their abilities to inhibit growth of A. alternata and L. theobromae which cause fruit rot on post-harvest tomatoes at 26--28oC for 15 days. Candida pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 was able to inhibit growth of A. alternata and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (100%). Candida saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 were able to inhibit growth of L. theobromae and reduce fruit rot symptoms in tomato fruit (67%).

The yeast viability was observed after being preserved at -80oC on day-1 (H1), day-7 (H7), day-14 (H14), day-30 (H-30), and day-180 (H-180). The results showed that all strains do not lose their viability after freezing at -80oC for 180 days. The number of cells for each strain after revival from preservation after 180 days were counted: C. pseudojiufengensis UICC Y-475 (1,08 x 108 CFU/ml), C. saopoulenensis UICC Y-492 (0,65 x 108 CFU/ml), Hyp. burtonii UICC Y-496 (1,76x 108 CFU/ml), and Rh. mucilaginosa UICC Y-513 (2,13 x 108 CFU/ml)."