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"Berdasarkan data, porsi terhadap total unit usaha dan pertumbuhan tahunan UKM di Indonesia cukup besar. Namun demikian sektor ini temyata belum mampu memberikan konstribusi yang signifikan terhadap perekonomian nasional. Sampai saat ini, kemampuan untuk mengenali pasar ekspor, mengembangkan produk dan memasuki pasar asing masih menjadi tantangan utama UKM Indonesia. Badan Pengembangan Ekspor Nasional (BPEN) sebagai lembaga promosi ekspor nasional telah melaksanakan beragam program untuk mendukung UKM dalam hal memposisikan produk dan layanan jasa di pasar global yang sangat kompetitif. Karenanya, tesis ini bertujuan untuk menyusun skala prioritas pada berbagai program pengembangan ekspor UKM yang telah dilaksanakan oleh BPEN maupun dilakukan oleh UKM secara mandiri. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa atas berbagai kombinasi strategi BPEN dan UKM yang mampu meningkatkan performa ekspor UKM di Indonesia secara optimal. Skala prioritas dan kombinasi strategi tersebut dikaji dengan menggunakan AHP dan Game Theory dengan berdasar pada persepsi BPEN, pelaku usaha dan akademisi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kombinasi strategi U KM dan BPEN tidak mampu meraih titik keseimbangan tertinggi, dan karenanya keseimbangan Parelo maupun Nash tidak terwujud. Ini disebabkan adanya perbedaan sudut pandang antara UKM dan BPEN dalam proses pengembangan strateginya masing-masing.

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Base on existing data, the share and the annual growth of SMEs in total number of Indonesian enterprises relatively high. However, the export of Indonesian SMEs has not contributed a significant value added to Indonesian economy yet. Until now, capability to recognize exporting market, improving variety of products and accessing foreign market are still major challenges for Indonesian SMEs. The National Agency for Export Development (NAFED) as nalional trade promotion organization has already implemented various programs in order to assist Indonesian SME exporters for positioning their products and Services better, so that they are enabling to survive in the high competitive global markets. Thus, the objective of this study is to make a rating priority on various SMEs export promotion programs that have been executed by NAFED and actualized by the SMEs and to analyze various strategy combinations of NAFED and SMEs which are able to enhance export performance of the Indonesian SMEs optimally. These rating priorities and strategic balance which are commonly called as combination of strategy developed by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Game Theory Model based on NAFED, the business community (SMEs exporters) and academician perceptions. This study concludes that the combination strategies of SMEs and NAFED is unable to reach highest strategic balance, hence Pareto or Nash Equilibrium does not exist. It is caused by different point of view between SMEs and NAFED’s strategy development process for each party."

"Tekstil dan produk tekstil merupakan salah satu komoditas penting yang memiliki persaingan ketat di pasar global. Indonesia telah menjadi salah satu negara yang kompetitif dan memiliki sektor terpadu dari hulu hingga hilir. Dalam perkembangannya, terbentuknya perjanjian perdagangan regional dapat mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor. Dalam penelitian ini, AFTA menjadi fokus utama karena Indonesia adalah anggota ASEAN yang terikat dalam perjanjian dagang regional (AFTA).Tesis ini menggunakan model gravity dengan pengolahan data panel. Dari hasil pengolahan diketahui bahwa model ini mampu menjelaskan variasi faktor determinan ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil Indonesia ke beberapa negara mitra dagang sebesar 80%.Hasil dari penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa beberapa variabel independen seperti GDP dan populasi dari negara mitra, dummy AFTA dan krisis secara signifikan memberikan pengaruh untuk ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil Indonesia. Variabel tersebut berpengaruh secara signifikan pada level kepercayaan 99% dan 90%. Sementara itu, jarak dan nilai tukar riil tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja ekspor tekstil dan produk tekstil Indonesia.

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Textile and textile products is one of important commodity that has thigh competition in global market. Indonesia has been one of the competitive countries that has integrated sector from upstream to downstream industry. In recent development, the creation of regional trade arrangement may influence export performance. In this research, the creation of AFTA becomes the main focus since Indonesia is a member of AFTA.

This thesis uses gravity model with panel data estimation. The model chosen in this thesis is fixed effect model. From the estimation, it is found that the model is able to explain the variation of Indonesian textile and textile product exports to the several trade partner countries for 80 %.

The estimation result of this research also found that some of independent variables such as GDP and population of partner country, AFTA and crisis dummy variable significantly give effect to Indonesian textile and textile products export. It affects significantly at the level of 99% and 90%. On the contrary, distance and real exchange rate has insignificant effect to Indonesian textile and textile products export."

"Recently, research on paradoxical strategies is receiving considerable attentionfrom both researchers and practitioners. The value of paradoxical strategies iscurrently considered critical in increasing firm performance and winning in thecompetitive dynamic landscape, which is characterized by uncertainty and rapidchanges in the industry and business environment (Barney and Hesterly, 2006). Suchperceived environmental characteristics require firm to apply paradoxical strategies;combining strategic flexibility and strategic consistency (Pamell, 1994).This study addresses four main questions. First, what is the effect of strategicflexibility on Erm performance. Second, what is the effect of strategic consistency onfirm performance. Third, what is the effect of combining strategic flexibility andstrategic consistency on firm performance. Fourth, what are the contingent effects ofperceived environmental uncertainty on the relationship between paradoxicalstrategies and firm performance. This study conceprualizes the application ofparadoxical strategies as a set of capabilities that enable an organization not onlyadapt to changing environmental conditions, but also to maintain current strategiesand actions for a considerable period of time.Recognizing the broad nature of strategic flexibility, it is measured in terms ofpre-emptive moves, exploitative moves, protective moves, and corrective moves.Strategic consistency is measured in terms of proactive consistency and reactiveconsistency. Perceived environment is measured in terms of munificence, dynamism,and complexity. Overall firm perfonnance is measured in terms of financialperformance and strategic performance, among others are profit, profitability, income,market share, position in the industry, and customer loyalty.A survey was conducted in the Indonesian banking industry to measure thedegree of perceived environmental uncertainty, the level of strategic flexibility andstrategic consistency, and the resulting firm performance. Questionnaires weredistributed to 131 CEOs or members of top management team of commercial banks(including sharia banks) and the 59 retumed responses were analyzed to testhypotheses.The results indicate that strategic flexibility has positive effect on bankperformance, while strategic consistency does not have positive effect on bankperformance. In terms of combining these two paradoxical strategies, the results ofthis study conhnn that the effect of strategic flexibility on bank performance dependson strategic consistency and/or perceived environment. Contrary to expectation of thisstudy, the effect of strategic consistency on bank performance insignificantly dependson perceived environment.This study makes several important contributions to growing literature onparadoxical strategies and strategic management discipline. First, this study is one oflimited researches on the effect of paradoxical strategies on firm performance. Itexamines the effect of combining paradoxical strategies on fum performance withconsidering perceived environmental uncertainty as the antecedent. Second, it alsofills in the gap in previous study on managing paradoxes in service operations settingat the corporate/strategic level. Third, this study develops a set of measures ofstrategic consistency and strategic perfomrance that captures building on priorconcepts.The fundings in this study offer inputs for the development of banking industryin Indonesia. For bank management, to sustain its growth, banks should increase its infomation technology capabilities, which are mainly supported by flexible systemsand knowledgeable people. For the banking regulator and the government agencyalike, the inputs are as follows: carry out the detailed research on the impact ofregulation and govemment policy on bank flexibility; take Bank NTT, Bank Jatim,and Bank Sumsel as samples for other regional development banks as the agile bankswith high performance; create regulation and policy to drive innovative bankingproduct development; encourage the commercial banks to undertake informationtechnology investments to boost innovative financial products and services; createspeciiic regulation about outsourcing service provider; and encourage furtherdevelopment of Internet banking services by improving system infrastructureenvironment, enabling policy and regulatory environment for this business, andbuilding up a comprehensive e-security public policy framework."

"[ABSTRAKEfektifitas dari instrumen commercial diplomacy (CDC) terhadap kinerja perdagangan luar negeri kerap menjadi perdebatan. Paper ini menganalisa pengaruh dari salah satu instrumen CDC yaitu Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) terhadap peningkatan ekspor Indonesia dengan menggunakan gravity model of international trade pada data panel di 62 negara tujuan ekspor Indonesia selama 19 tahun. Hasilnya, terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara keberadaan ITPC terhadap kinerja ekspor Indonesia di negara akreditasi. Selanjutnya, melalui wawancara kualitatif dapat disimpulkan bahwa tantangan CDC Indonesia berasal dari faktor internal maupun eksternal. Masalah-masalah internal seperti terbatasnya anggaran, kurangnya staf, dan lemahnya koordinasi terbukti menghambat aktivitas CDC. Sedangkan dalam aspek eksternal, seperti ketidaksiapan industri dan jalur distribusi juga berpegaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja ekspor Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan bahan rekomendasi kebijakan mendukung strategi ekspor dengan memperkuat instrumen commercial diplomacy.

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ABSTRACT

There are Pro’s and Contra’s on efficacy of CDC instruments to boost exports. This paper attempts to investigate the impact of one of Indonesian CDC instruments, Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) on export performance using the gravity model of international trade and employ panel data for 19 years observations over 62 countries of Indonesian export destinations and yields a positive correlation between the existences of ITPC to Indonesian export performance. A further discussion is conducted to explore the challenges of CDC instruments of Indonesia using qualitative interviews. The interferences comes from internal as well as external factors. The internal issue such as limited budget, lack of staff, and coordination problem. Whereas, in the external aspects, the preparedness of Indonesian industry and the channel of export distribution bring tremendous deterrents in boosting Indonesian exports. Hence, this research serves as a policy recommendation for the government in supporting export strategy by strengthening the commercial diplomacy instruments.

, There are Pro’s and Contra’s on efficacy of CDC instruments to boost exports. This paper attempts to investigate the impact of one of Indonesian CDC instruments, Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) on export performance using the gravity model of international trade and employ panel data for 19 years observations over 62 countries of Indonesian export destinations and yields a positive correlation between the existences of ITPC to Indonesian export performance. A further discussion is conducted to explore the challenges of CDC instruments of Indonesia using qualitative interviews. The interferences comes from internal as well as external factors. The internal issue such as limited budget, lack of staff, and coordination problem. Whereas, in the external aspects, the preparedness of Indonesian industry and the channel of export distribution bring tremendous deterrents in boosting Indonesian exports. Hence, this research serves as a policy recommendation for the government in supporting export strategy by strengthening the commercial diplomacy instruments.

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