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"This paper examines the manner in which the profesionalization of economics in the united states, which intensified in the late nineteenth century, affected the spread of marginal economics...."

"[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami mengenai situasi umum nelayan skala kecil di dunia dan Indonesia, ketentuan hukum internasional mengenai tanggung jawab negara dalam perlindungan terhadap nelayan skala kecil serta kebijakan dan praktek Indonesia dalam perlindungan terhadap nelayan skala kecil. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif atau doktrinal dengan tiga pendekatan penelitian hukum yaitu pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach), pendekatan perbandingan (comparative approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Nelayan Skala Kecil berada di dalam situasi yang sulit dengan tidak dianggap sebagai bagian penting dari sektor perikanan. Padahal nelayan skala kecil memiliki berbagai keunggulan yang dimiliki seperti lapangan kerja, penyedia pangan murah dan ketahanan pangan, ramah lingkungan,hingga pemberantasan kemiskinan. Di sisi lain, ada situasi buruk yang dihadapi oleh nelayan skala kecil dari masalah kemiskinan, tata kelola tenurial, masalah akses terhadap jaminan sosial hingga ancaman perubahan iklim. Hukum internasional telah memberikan tanggung jawab kepada negara untuk melindungi nelayan skala kecil mulai dari hukum keras seperti UNCLOS 1982, UNFSA 1995, Konvensi ILO 188 Tahun 2007 hingga hukum lunak seperti Agenda 21 Tahun 1992, CCRF Tahun 1995, Pedoman Teknis FAO No. 10 serta Voluntary Guideline Securing Sustainable Small Scale Fisheries (VGSSF) Tahun 2014. VGSSF yang terbit pada Juni 2014 menggunakan pendekatan hak asasimanusia terhadap perikanan dapat menjadi pedoman negara-negara dalam melindungi perikanan skala kecil mulai dari aspek tata kelola tenurial dan pengelolaan sumber daya alam, peningkatan kapasitas hingga jaminan sosial. Dalam konteks Indonesia, dengan telah menjadi anggota pihak dari UNCLOS 1982, UNFSA 1995 serta telah meratifikasi berbagai konvensi seperti Konvensi Hak Ekosob, Hak Sipol dapat menerapkan pendekatan HAM terhadap perikanan dan bertanggungjawab untuk melindungi nelayan skala kecil. Tanggung jawab tersebut dapat dilaksanakan dengan menerapkan VGSSF 2014 di konteks nasional. Penerapan VGSSF dapat dilakukan dengan merevisi berbagai kebijakan yang dapat melanggar hak-hak nelayan skala kecil serta melalui rencana aksi nasional dan RUU Perlindungan Nelayan Skala Kecil;This study aims to identify and understand the general situation of small scale fisher in the world and Indonesia, the provisions of international law concerning the responsibility of the state in the protection of small-scale fisher as well as the policies and practices of Indonesia in the protection of small-scale fisher. The study was conducted by using the normative or doctrinal legal researchmethod with three legal research approach such as the statute approach, the comparative approach and conceptual approach.Based on the research, small-scale fisher are in a difficult situation for being undervalued as important sector of the fisheries sector. Though small-scale fisher have various advantages such as employment, providing inexpensive food and food security, environment-friendly, also poverty eradication. On the other hand, there is a bad situation faced by small-scale fisher i.e the poverty, governance of tenure, problems of access to resources, social security and the threat of climate change. International law has given the responsibility to the state to protect smallscale fisher from the hard laws such as The 1982 UNCLOS, The 1995 UNFSA, The 2007 ILO Convention 188 to soft law such as The 1992 Agenda 21, The 1995 CCRF, The 2005 FAO Technical Guidelines No. 10 and the 2014 FAO Voluntary Guidelines Securing Sustainable Small Scale Fisheries (VGSSF). FAO VGSSF published in June 2014 using Human Rights approach in fisheries to guide Statesin protecting small-scale fisheries ranging from Governance tenure and natural resource management, capacity building to social security. In the context of Indonesia, as being party member of the 1982 UNCLOS, The 1995 UNFSA as well as parties to ICCPR and ICESCR can implement human rights approach in fisheries has a duty to protect small-scale fisher. These duty can be implemented by applying The 2014 VGSSF in the national context. VGSSF implementation can be done through revising existing policies which may violate the small-scalefisher rights also through policies such as national plan of action, Small-Scale Fisher Protection Bill, This study aims to identify and understand the general situation of smallscalefisher in the world and Indonesia, the provisions of international lawconcerning the responsibility of the state in the protection of small-scale fisher aswell as the policies and practices of Indonesia in the protection of small-scalefisher. The study was conducted by using the normative or doctrinal legal researchmethod with three legal research approach such as the statute approach, thecomparative approach and conceptual approach.Based on the research, small-scale fisher are in a difficult situation for beingundervalued as important sector of the fisheries sector. Though small-scale fisherhave various advantages such as employment, providing inexpensive food andfood security, environment-friendly, also poverty eradication. On the other hand,there is a bad situation faced by small-scale fisher i.e the poverty, governance oftenure, problems of access to resources, social security and the threat of climatechange.International law has given the responsibility to the state to protect smallscalefisher from the hard laws such as The 1982 UNCLOS, The 1995 UNFSA,The 2007 ILO Convention 188 to soft law such as The 1992 Agenda 21, The 1995CCRF, The 2005 FAO Technical Guidelines No. 10 and the 2014 FAO VoluntaryGuidelines Securing Sustainable Small Scale Fisheries (VGSSF). FAO VGSSFpublished in June 2014 using Human Rights approach in fisheries to guide Statesin protecting small-scale fisheries ranging from Governance tenure and naturalresource management, capacity building to social security. In the context ofIndonesia, as being party member of the 1982 UNCLOS, The 1995 UNFSA aswell as parties to ICCPR and ICESCR can implement human rights approach infisheries has a duty to protect small-scale fisher. These duty can be implementedby applying The 2014 VGSSF in the national context. VGSSF implementationcan be done through revising existing policies which may violate the small-scalefisher rights also through policies such as national plan of action, Small-ScaleFisher Protection Bill]"

"Napoleon fishes, cheilinus undulatus, is the largest member of family labridae, with a maximum size exceeding up to 2 m and 190 kgs. The geographical distribution covers of Indo-Pacific region. Napoleon fish is not common, recorded maximum adult densities rarely more than 20 fish /10.000m2. Small individuals are typically associated with high coral cover and seagrasses, while larger fishes are mainly found on outer or deep reefs, steep slopes and passes,solitary or in a small group...."

"Peribahasa "hujan emas di negeri orang, hujan batu di negeri sendiri" tampaknya tidak berlaku bagi sebagian masyarakat Indonesia. Meski banyak masyarakat kita yang mengalami nasib buruk di luar negeri, tapi masih banyak juga yang "nekad" mengadu nasib di negeri orang. Yang jadi pertanyaan kenapa? Karena peluang kerja di dalam negeri sangat terbatas, upah kerja juga minim, dan musim paceklik yang menyebabkan kerugian fisik dan jiwa..."

"Pada penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) non-sianotik pirau kiri ke kanan dapat terjadi aliran yang berlebihan ke jantung kanan sehingga terjadi peningkatan tekanan arteri pulmonalis, yang disebut dengan hipertensi pulmonal (HP). Kondisi ini menyumbang angka kematian dan kesakitan pada PJB. Untuk mendeteksi adanya HP perlu pemeriksaan invasif yaitu kateterisasi jantung. Pemeriksaan yang lebih mudah dan murah diperlukan untuk mendeteksi HP, salah satunya yang sedang dikembangkan adalah biomarker jantung troponin I. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pasien, kadar troponin I, dan perbedaan kadar troponin I pada pasien PJB non-sianotik dengan dan tanpa HP sekunder di Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo (RSCM). Penelitian ini merupakan suatu studi potong lintang analitik terhadap 56 pasien sepanjang Juni-November 2021. Data diambil secara consecutive sampling. Tiga jenis PJB non-sianotik dengan HP terbanyak adalah atrial septal defect (ASD) soliter, ventricular septal defect (VSD) soliter, dan VSD-patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Status gizi terbanyak adalah gizi buruk. Komorbiditas terbanyak adalah sindrom Down. Median kadar troponin I pada pasien dengan PJB non-sianotik adalah 4,55 pg/mL, dengan perbedaan bermakna pada median kelompok HP adalah 5,6 pg/mL, dan kelompok non-HP adalah 2,6 pg/mL (p<0,05).

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In left to right shunt acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD), can occur excessive flow to right heart resulting in increase in pulmonary arterial pressure called pulmonary hypertension (PH). This contributed to morbidity and mortality in CHD. To detect the presence of PH requires cardiac catheterization, an invasive examination. An easier and cheaper examination is needed to detect PH. One of which was being developed is a cardiac biomarker of troponin I. This study aimed to determine patient characteristics, troponin I levels, and differences in troponin I levels in acyanotic CHD patients with and without secondary PH at Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM). This study was a cross-sectional analytic study of 56 patients during June-November 2021. Data were taken by consecutive sampling. The most common types of acyanotic CHD with PH were solitary atrial septal defect (ASD), solitary ventricular septal defect (VSD), and VSD-patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The most nutritional status was severe malnutrition. The median troponin I level in patients with acyanotic CHD was 4.55 pg/mL, with a significant difference in the median HP group was 5.6 pg/mL, while the non-PH group was 2.6 pg/mL (p<0.05)."

"Latar belakang : Resusitasi cairan merupakan hal penting dalam penatalaksanaan renjatan hypovolemik pada penderita sakit kritis. Pada umumnya pemberian cairan dalam jumlah besar dan waktu secepatnya sesuai dengan protokol early goal directed therapy EGDT . Pemberian cairan dalam jumlah yang besar dan waktu secepatnya diketahui dapat berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya hypervolemik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut diperlukan suatu pemeriksaan yang dapat mengetahui bahwa resusitasi cairan yang sedang diberikan tidak menyebabkan hipervolemik.Tujuan : 1 Melihat hubungan antara kadar troponin-i dengan resusitasi hipervolemik pada hewan model dan 2 Melihat hubungan antara troponin-i dengan kontraktilitas jantung pada hewan model.Metode Penelitian : Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pre dan post intervention. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada 8 ndash; 18 juni 2017 di FKH IPB Bogor. Hewan model renjatan adalah 10 ekor Sus Scrofa jantan usia 6-8 minggu. Renjatan dilakukan dengan metode fixed pressure hemorrhage. Resusitasi pertama dilakukan dengan jumlah cairan sesuai darah yang dikeluarkan resusitasi normovolemik , dilanjutkan dengan 40 ml/kg resusitasi hipervolemik-1 dan 40 ml/kg yang kedua resusitasi hipervolemik-2 . Pengukuran kontraktilitas jantung dengan menggunakan parameter DPmax pada PiCCO dan Kadar troponin-i diukur dengan menggunakan alat iStat dari Abbott.Hasil Penelitian : Terdapat peningkatan kadar troponin-i pasca resusitasi cairan hipervolemik p = 0,005 . Terdapat penurunan kontraktilitas jantung pasca resusitasi hipervolemik. Penurunan kontraktilitas jantung berhubungan dengan peningkatan troponin-i r=0,72; p=0,02Simpulan : Pada hewan model terdapat hubungan antara hipervolemik dengan peningkatan troponin-i. Terdapat hubungan antara penurunan kontraktilitas jantung dengan peningkatan kadar troponin-i.

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Background: Fluid resuscitation is fundamental to the acute shock hypovolemic of critically ill patient. In general, however, early and appropriate goal directed fluid therapy EGDT contributes to a degree of fluid hypervolemic in most if not all patients. Propose that assessment of hypervolemic should be considered as potentially biomarker of critical illness.Objective : 1 To investigating the effect of fluid resuscitation in animal model with special concern on troponin-i value, 2 To investigating the corelation myocard contractility with troponin-i level.Methods : This study is pre and post intervention. Were did at June 2017 8st ndash; 18st at FKH-IPB Bogor. Animal model were 10 male domestic pigs, 6-12 weeks old. The shock was induced with fixed pressure hemorrhage method. Fluid resuscitation was done in 2 phase. On the first attempt we replaced total number of blood that withdrawn normovolemic resuscitation . The second attempt, we gave 40 ml/kg resuscitation fluids hypervolemic resuscitation . Cardiac contractility meassurements were done with DPmax the part of PiCCO parameter.Results: We found that serum troponin-i increase after hypervolemic resuscitation r=0,81;p=0,005 . DPmax decrease significantly after the second resucitation attempt r = 0,72; p=0,02 .Conclusions: Hypervolemic resucitation in this animal model produced significantly troponin-i elevated. There is a corelation between cardiac contractility decrease with troponin-i level elevated."

"Machine generated contents note: pt. I ISLAMIC ECONOMICS1.Islamic economics: state of the art2.The `why' of Islamic economics3.What is Islamic economics?4.Methodology of Islamic economics5.From Islamic theology to Islamic economics6.Expanding the frontiers of economics7.An Islamic economic system or spiritual capitalism?pt. II PROHIBITION OF RIBA8.Elimination of interest: from divine prohibition to human interpretation9.Prohibition of riba in the primary sources of Islam10.Theory of riba: the orthodox interpretation11.Assessment of the orthodox interpretation12.Modernist thinking on riba13.Prohibition of riba: the continuing debate"