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"In the usual nash equilibrium of strategic noncooperative games, the mixed strategies of all the players are assumed to be stochastically independent...."

"Recent interest in biological games and mathematical finance make this classic 1982 text a necessity once again. Unlike other books in the field, this text provides an overview of the analysis of dynamic/differential zero-sum and nonzero-sum games and simultaneously stresses the role of different information patterns. The first edition was fully revised in 1995, adding new topics such as randomized strategies, finite games with integrated decisions, and refinements of Nash equilibrium. Readers can now look forward to even more recent results in this unabridged, revised SIAM Classics edition. Topics covered include static and dynamic noncooperative game theory, with an emphasis on the interplay between dynamic information patterns and structural properties of several different types of equilibria; Nash and Stackelberg solution concepts; multi-act games; Braess paradox; differential games; the relationship between the existence of solutions of Riccati equations and the existence of Nash equilibrium solutions; and infinite-horizon differential games."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan apakah penguasaan kosakata bahasa Inggris siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe turnamen game dalam tim (TGT) lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional (baik secara keseluruhan, kelompok tinggi maupun kelompok rendah). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan Pretest-posttest Control Group Design. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes, kuesioner dan observasi. Tes dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji-T. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Perguruan Buddhi kota Tangerang.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran kooperatif tipe turnamen game dalam tim (TGT) mampu meningkatkan penguasaan kosakata bahasa Inggris siswa baik secara keseluruhan, kelompok tinggi maupun kelompok rendah. Hal ini terjadi karena dalam pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT, siswa dituntut untuk aktif dan kreatif serta terampil dalam berkomunikasi, tidak terlalu bergantung kepada guru, memiliki tanggungjawab individu, memiliki hubungan interpersonal, keterampilan mengelola waktu, dan sikap positif serta adanya proses evaluasi pada akhir proses pembelajaran.

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ABSTRACTThis research is aimed at proving whether the mastery of English vocabulary who were taught by using Team Game Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning is higher than those who were taught by using conventional method (to all students; upper group; and lower group). In conducting the research, the researcher used quantitative and qualitative research method with a Pretest-posttest Control Group Design. The data was collected by administering a test, distributing questionnaire and doing observation. The test was analyzed by using a T-test. The population of this research was the seventh grade students (VII) of Perguruan Buddhi Junior High School in Tangerang. The result of the research shows that the mastery of English vocabulary of the students who were taught by using team games tournament cooperative learning (TGT) was higher than those who were taught by using the conventional method (to all students; upper group; and lower group). In applying the team games tournament cooperative learning (TGT), the students are required to be active and creative in communication, to be independent, to have interpersonal relationship, to have ability in time management, positive attitude and to have an evaluation at the end of the learning process."

"Koperasi memiliki peran yang cukup besar dalam menyediakan akses keuangan bagi masyarakatIndonesia yang sebelumnya mengalami kesulitan ekonomi. Meskipun Koperasi memberikankontribusi yang besar terhadap perekonomian Indonesia, namun masih banyak tantangan yangharus dihadapi. Seperti kualitas sumber daya manusia dan regulasi yang kompleks. Denganpengelolaan yang lebih baik dan peningkatan efektivitas, Koperasi Simpan Pinjam berpotensimemberikan kontribusi yang lebih besar terhadap pemberdayaan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu,penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami ketentuan hukum yang mengatur penyelesaian sengketadan pengawasan terhadap rentenir berkedok Koperasi Simpan Pinjam yang melakukanpenggelapan dana serta menganalisis P2SK pada Koperasi Simpan Pinjam. Penelitian inidilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan Penelitian Hukum Doktrinal (fokus pada analisis danpenafsiran bahan hukum yang ada, seperti UU Perkoperasian) dan Penelitian Hukum NonDoktrinal (penelitian sosio-hukum untuk mengambil pendekatan yang lebih luas dalam memahamihukum). Penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa P2SK harus mengutamakan pembuatan pedomanyang jelas tentang Koperasi Open Loop dan Koperasi Close Loop serta mekanismepengawasannya untuk meminimalisir penyalahgunaan Koperasi Simpan Pinjam. Penulis jugadapat menyimpulkan bahwa meneruskan keberadaan Koperasi Open Loop dengan pengawasanyang lebih ketat dapat menjadi solusi yang paling ideal saat ini.Kata Kunci: Koperasi, Ekonomi, P2SK, UU Perkoperasian.

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Cooperatives have a significant role in providing financial access for Indonesian people who previously experienced economic difficulties. Although Cooperatives contribute greatly to the Indonesian economy, there are still many challenges to be faced. Such as the quality of human resources and complex regulations. With better management and increased effectiveness, Saving and Loans Cooperatives have the potential to make a greater contribution to community empowerment. Therefore, this study aims to understand the legal provisions governing dispute resolution and supervision of loan sharks disguised as Savings and Loan Cooperatives who embezzle funds and analyze the P2SK on Savings and Loan Cooperatives. This study was conducted using the Doctrinal Legal Research approach (focusing on analyzing and interpreting existing legal materials, such as the Cooperative Law) and Non-Doctrinal Legal Research (socio-legal research to take a broader approach to understanding the law). The author can conclude that P2SK must prioritize the creation of clear guidelines on Open-Loop Cooperatives and Close-Loop Cooperatives and their supervision mechanisms to minimize misuse of Savings and Loan Cooperatives. The author can also conclude that continuing the existence of the Open-Loop Cooperative with stricter supervision can be the most ideal solution at this time."