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"Five kinds of endophytic fungi i.e pastalotiopsis sp. isola GNC fusarium sp, GNC -A fusarium sp..GNC-B.Pastalotiopsis sp, GUC and fusarium sp

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"pisang raja bulu is one of the most important bananas in Indonesia. However,, this plant low tolerance to wilt disease, caused by fusarium oxysporum f. cubense. Its mass cultivation is inhibited by the absence of variety tolerant to the disease. A wide range of genetic variability will be needed if selection for novel characters is to be conducted, especially when there is no source of resistance gene available for breeding materials. This research consisted of callus induction from primary explant, induction of somaclonal variation using gamma iradiation, and in vitro selection using fusaric acid, followed by regeneration and acclimatization of selected plantlets. The media applied for callus induction was MS (Murashige and skoog. 1962) +2,4-D 1 and 3 mg/l + NAA 0 and 0,1 mg/l and 2,4-D 5 mg/l + BA 0,5 mg/l + casein hidrolysate (CH) 500 mg/l. The applied gamma irradiation dosage were 0, and 0,1 mg/l and 2,4-D 5 mg/l + BA 0,5 mg/l + casein hidrolysate (CH) 500 mg/l. The applied gamma irradiation dosage were 0, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 15 Gy. The irradiated cali was subsequently subcultures on selection media i.e., MS containing fusaric acid at 30 and 45 mg/l. The living calli was then regenerated on media containing BA, TDZ, eith or without proline and arginine. In addition, MS + kinetin 5 mg/l + 1AA 0,2 mg/l was applied for shoot development. The result showed that the most suitable callus induction media for pisang raja bulu was MS +2,4-D 5 mg/l +BA 0,5 mg/l +CH 500 mg/l. The gamma irradiation of 10 Gy produced somaclone lines which were able to proliferate bud nodules on selection media containing fusaric acid at 30 and 45 mg/l. The media for shoot development was MS + kinetin 5 mg/l + 1AA 0,2 mg/l. Plantlet obtained form the in vitro were then successfully acclimatized in the green house."

"Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of ear, stalk and root rot of maize that results in the severe reduction in yields and quality of infected products. Endophytic fungi have been purported as potential candidates in controlling pathogens since they are considered strong plant mutualists that confer disease resilience to their host. The present study was carried out to determine the in vitro antagonistic activity and biocontrol potential of endophytic Aspergillus spp. associated with P. amboinicus leaves against F. verticillioides. Three fungal endophytes from the genus Aspergillus were isolated and identified from the leaves of P. amboinicus, namely A. flavus, A. terreus and A. niger. The fungal isolates were tested for antagonism against F. verticillioides in dual culture plates. Results indicate that the Aspergillus endophytes can restrict growth of F. verticillioides and employ varying mechanisms of antagonism. A. niger inhibited F. verticillioides by 47.37%, followed by A. flavus (41.02%) and A. terreus (27.91%) respectively. Observations of dual culture plates revealed that A. flavus and A. niger antagonized the pathogen via overgrowth mechanism while A. terreus employed antibiosis to restrict the growth of F. verticillioides. The varying degrees of antagonism exhibited by the Aspergillus endophytes show their potential as biocontrol agents and source of bioactive compounds"

"Latar Belakang: Infeksi kornea yang disebabkan oleh jamur dapat menyebabkankerusakan yang lebih berat dibandingkan infeksi bakteri dikarenakan kemampuan jamuruntuk menembus kornea hingga ke bilik mata depan atau sklera. Antijamur tetes yangtersedia secara komersil hanya natamisin yang memiliki penetrasi rendah. Vorikonazolsebagai alternatif anti jamur dapat digunakan secara intrastromal untuk mempertahankankadar pada kornea. Penggunaan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol secara tunggal maupunserial banyak dilaporkan dalam bentuk laporan kasus dan terdapat variasi dalam hal dosisdan frekuensi serta teknik pemberian.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas pemberian kombinasi vorikonazol topikal1% dan intrastromal 0.05% secara tunggal dan serial dibandingkan dengan natamisintopikal 5% sebagai terapi keratitis jamur yang disebabkan oleh jamur Fusarium sp padakelinci.Metodologi: Penelitian ini merupakan uji eksperimental tersamar dengan randomisasiterhadap kelompok hewan coba kelinci New Zealand White (NZW) dengan desain empatkelompok. Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 3 kelinci. Kelompok pertama mendapatterapi kombinasi tetes vorikonazol 1% tiap jam dan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol0.05% yang diberikan 1 kali pada hari 1. Kelompok ke-dua mendapatkan terapikombinasi tetes vorikonazol 1% tiap jam dan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol 0.05%yang diberikan 2 kali pada hari 1 dan 7. Kelompok ke-tiga mendapatkan terapikombinasi tetes vorikonazol 1% tiap jam dan injeksi intrastromal vorikonazol 0.05%yang diberikan 3 kali pada hari 1, 7 dan 14. Kelompok ke-empat mendapatkanmonoterapi tetes natamisin 5% tiap jam.Hasil: Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan perbaikan secara klinis berdasarkan luas defek,luas infiltrat, kedalaman keratitis dan tinggi hipopion pada semua kelompok yangmendapatkan terapi injeksi vorikonazol maupun natamisin. Pada akhir terapi masihdidapatkan hifa jamur positif secara kualitatif pada 1 kelinci yang mendapatkan injeksiintrastromal 1 kali dan 1 kelinci dengan terapi natamisin.Kesimpulan: Kombinasi vorikonazol topikal dan injeksi vorikonazol intrastromal secaraserial menunjukan perbaikan klinis setara dengan natamisin topikal. Dalam hal dayaeliminasi jamur kombinasi vorikonazol topikal dan injeksi vorikonazol intrastromalsecara serial menunjukan hasil lebih baik dibandingkan terapi natamisin topikal daninjeksi tunggal.

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Background: Fungal corneal infections can cause more damage than bacterial infectionsdue to the fungus's ability to penetrate the cornea to the anterior chamber or sclera.Natamycin is the only commercially available antifungal drops which has lowpenetration. Voriconazole as an antifungal alternative can be used intrastromally tomaintain corneal concentration. The use of single or serial intrastromal voriconazoleinjections is widely reported in the form of case reports and there are variations in termsof dosage and frequency and administration techniques.Objective: Comparing the effectiveness of topical voriconazole 1% combined withintrastromal 0.05% single and serial compared to 5% topical natamycin as fungal keratitistherapy caused by Fusarium sp in rabbits.Methods: This research is an experimental test by randomizing a group of New ZealandWhite (NZW) rabbit animals with a four-group design. Each group consists of 3 rabbits.The first group received combination therapy of voriconazole drops 1% every hour andintrastromal injection of 0.05% voriconazole given once on day 1. The second groupreceived combination therapy of voriconazole drops 1% per hour and intrastromalinjection of voriconazole 0.05% given 2 times on day 1 and 7. The third group receivedcombination therapy of voriconazole drops 1% every hour and intrastromal injection of0.05% voriconazole given 3 times on days 1, 7 and 14. The fourth group receivedmonotherapy with 5% natamycin drops hourly.Results: The results of this study showed clinical improvement based on corneal defectsize, infiltrate size, keratitis depth and height of hypopyon in all groups receivingvoriconazole and natamycin injection therapy. At the end of the therapy, fungal hyphaewere found in 1 rabbit who received 1 times intrastromal injection and 1 rabbit withnatamycin therapy.Conclusion: The combination of topical voriconazole and serial intrastromal injectionshows clinical improvement equivalent to topical natamycin. In terms of the fungalelimination, topical voriconazole and serial intrastromal injection is superior than topicalnatamisin therapy and single injection."

"Penyakit Panama pada tanaman pisang disebabkan oleh kapang patogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk karakterisasi penghambatan Aktinomisetes terhadap Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense secara in vitro menggunakan sel hidup dan filtrat kultur bebas sel. Isolat Aktinomisetes LAI-I dan L31 diketahui menghasilkan enzim kitinase, protease, dan antibiotik yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan, menyebabkan perubahan morfologi hifa berupa penebalan pada ujung-ujung hifa, serta menghambat germinasi spora Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Perhitungan statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata antara kelompok kontrol, perlakuan LAI-I, dan perlakuan L31. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan adanya kemampuan isolat LAI-I dan L31 menghambat Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.

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The Panama disease in banana plants is caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Research has been conducted to characterize the inhibition mechanism of Actinomycetes towards Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in vitro by using living cell and cell-free culture filtrate. Actinomycetes isolates LAI-I and L31 produce chitinase enzyme, protease enzyme, and secondary metabolites that can inhibit the growth, lead morphological changes of hyphae as swollen at the end of the hypha, and inhibit spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The statistic reveals the significant differences between control, LAI-I treatment, and L31 treatment. The result shows the ability of isolate LAI-I and L31 to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense."

"Kendala yang sering dihadapi pada pertanian adalah hama tanaman yang dapat mengganggu produktivitas tanaman pangan. Pemberantasan hama sering menggunakan pestisida kimiawi yang dapat berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan tanaman. Salah satu alternatif mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol bagi hama tanaman. Mikroorganisme diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol, dan aktivitas tersebut dapat diuji dengan  Antibiosis. Aktivitas antibiosis terlihat sebagai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan suatu mikroorganisme terhadap mikroorganisme lain. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji antibiosis dan aktivitas enzim dari empat isolat basil Gram negatif yaitu TTM, TTO, TKL, TTH, terhadap fungi Fusarium oxysporum dan Ganoderma boninense. Keempat isolat bakteri difermentasikan dalam medium Nutrient broth (NB) selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari, pada suhu inkubasi 39oC. Uji antibiosis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan cylinder diffusion method. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTH dan TTM yang memiliki potensi untuk menghambat fungi Ganoderma boninense  dalam fermentasi hari ke 6,9, dan 12. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTO yang memiliki aktivitas kitinolitik.

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One of the common challenges in agriculture is the presence of plant pests that can disrupt the productivity of food crops. Pest control often relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which can have negative impacts on the environment and plants. One alternative to address this issue is the utilization of microorganisms as biocontrol agents for plant pests. Microorganisms are known to have the potential as biocontrol agents, and this activity can be tested through antibiosis. Antibiosis activity is observed as the ability to inhibit the growth of one microorganism by another. In this study, antibiosis and enzyme activity tests were conducted on four isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, namely TTM, TTO, TKL, and TTH, against the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma boninense. The four bacterial isolates were fermented in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium for 6, 9, and 12 days at an incubation temperature of 39°C. The antibiosis test was qualitatively performed using the cylinder diffusion method. The results of the antibiosis test showed that only the TTH and TTM isolates had the potential to inhibit the Ganoderma boninense fungi during the 6th, 9th, and 12th days of fermentation. The enzyme activity test results indicated that only the TTO isolate exhibited chitinolytic activity."

"Pisang Cavendish (Musa acuminata Colla) merupakan salah satu kultivar pisang yang menghadapi ancaman serius berupa serangan penyakit layu Fusarium yang disebabkan oleh infeksi kapang patogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Penyakit layu Fusarium menyebabkan penurunan penurunan kaualitas dan produksi tanaman pisang. Penggunaan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol dapat dikembangkan untuk alternatif fungisida dalam pengendalian penyakit layu Fusarium di tanaman pisang. Streptomyces spp. diketahui mampu memproduksi senyawa metabolit yang bersifat antifungi dan menekan pertumbuhan patogen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh, mengetahui aktivitas biokontrol, dan mengidentifikasi isolat yang diduga sebagai Streptomyces spp. yang diisolasi dari PT Green Giant Pineapple (GGP), Lampung Timur. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengujian secara in vitro yang meliputi uji aktivitas enzim protease, kitinase, selulase, peroksidase, siderofor, amonia, HCN, dan katalase. Pengujian dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi secara molekuler dan uji kompatibilitas antarisolat. Isolat 1H31, 2H44, 3H32, 3H42, dan 5H5 berhasil diisolasi dari tanah Perkebunan pisang. Isolat terseleksi mampu menghambat kapang Foc dan saling kompatibel. Isolat 3H42 dan 5H5 menunjukkan aktivitas biokontrol yang paling baik yang diketahui dari hasil positif yang ditunjukkan pada semua uji aktivitas biokontrol yang dilakukan. Kelima isolat terseleksi diketahui memiliki kemiripan secara morfologis dan filogenetik dengan S. malaysiensis, S. scabei, S. cameroonensis, S. abikoensis, dan S. katrae.

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Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata Colla) is one of the banana cultivars that faces a serious threat in the form of Fusarium wilt disease caused by infection with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Fusarium wilt disease causes a decrease in the quality and production of banana plants. The use of microorganisms as biocontrol can be developed as an alternative to fungicides to control Fusarium wilt disease in banana plants. Streptomyces spp. is known to produce metabolite compounds that are antifungal and suppress pathogen growth. The purpose of this study was to obtain, determine the biocontrol activity, and identify isolates suspected as Streptomyces spp. isolated from PT Green Giant Pineapple (GGP), East Lampung. The method used in this research is in vitro testing which includes enzyme activity tests of protease, chitinase, cellulase, peroxidase, siderophore, ammonia, HCN, and catalase. The test was continued with molecular identification and compatibility test between isolates. Isolates 1H31, 2H44, 3H32, 3H42, and 5H5 were successfully isolated from banana plantation soil. The selected isolates were able to inhibit Foc mold and were mutually compatible. Isolates 3H42 and 5H5 showed the best biocontrol activity known from the positive results shown in all biocontrol activity tests conducted. The five selected isolates are known to have morphological and phylogenetic similarities with S. malaysiensis, S. scabei, S. cameroonensis, S. abikoensis, and S. katrae."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu tentang khasiat gambir sebagai analgesik dan efek katekin sebagai anti inflamasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa khasiat gambir (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) dari PT. ?X? yang diduga mempunyai efek anti inflamasi terhadap udem akibat induksi karagenin pada tikus putih jantan galur Sprague-Dawley. Tikus percobaan dibuat udem dengan karagenin 2% yang diberikan subplantar setengah jam setelah suspensi gambir dalam CMC 1% per oral dengan dosis 216 mg/200 g bb, 270 mg/200 g bb dan 337,5 mg/200 g bb. Sebagai kontrol digunakan tikus yang diberi natrium diklofenak dengan dosis 27 mg/200 g bb dan CMC 1% secara oral dan diperlakukan sama seperti kelompok uji. Volume udem diukur dengan pletismometer. Pemberian suspensi gambir dengan dosis 216 mg/200 g bb, 270 mg/200 g bb dan 337,5 mg/200 g bb memperlihatkan efek anti inflamasi yang bermakna pada jam kedua dan ketiga setelah injeksi karagenin. Suspensi gambir dengan dosis 270 mg/200 g bb dan 337,5 mg/200 g bb memperlihatkan efek anti inflamasi yang sebanding dengan obat anti inflamasi non steroid natrium diklofenak dosis 27 mg/200 g bb pada jam kedua setelah injeksi karagenin.

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This study was based on the last researchs about efficacy of gambir as an analgesic and the anti-inflammatory effect of catechin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Gambir (Uncaria gambier Roxb.) from ?X? company on the carrageenin-induced inflammatory in male Sprague-Dawley albino rats. Inflammation in rats were induced by 2% carrageenin subplantar, half hour before oral adsministration of gambir suspension at various dose 216 mg/200 g bw, 270 mg/200 g bw and 337,5 mg/200 g bw. As control groups were used rats which were given diclofenac sodium 27 mg/200 g bw and CMC 1% at the same volume and were treated exactly as same as experiment groups. The volume of inflammation were measured with plethysmometer. The results were administration of gambir suspension at dose 216 mg/200 g bw, 270 mg/200 g bw and 337,5 mg/200 g bw had a significant anti-inflammatory effect at 2-3 hours after carrageenin injection. The anti-inflammatory effect of gambir suspension at dose 270 mg/ 200 g bw and 337,5 mg/200 g bw were equal as a non steroid anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium at dose 27 mg/200 g bw two hours after carrageenin injection."

"Albertisia papuana Becc termasuk tumbuhan tropis dari famili Menispermaceae. Tumbuhan ini dikenal berkhasiat obat, diantaranya sebagai antibiotik/antibakteri. Selain tumbuhan, mikroorganisme termasuk jamur endofit juga dapat menghasilkan antibiotik. Jamur endofit termasuk mikroorganisme yang hidup pada tumbuhan inangnya. Jamur endofit di alam jumlahnya melimpah (1,5 juta dibandingkan tumbuhan sekitar 300 ribuan). Jamur endofit dapat memproduksi metabolit bioaktif yang beragam. Di lain sisi, jamur endofit belum tereksplorasi secara maksimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menskrining dan mengisolasi senyawa bioaktif dari jamur endofit dari tumbuhan A. papuana sebagai antibiotik. Dari kegiatan penelitian didapatkan 15 isolat jamur endofit yaitu dari bagian batang 8 isolat dan daun 7 isolat. Dari skrining aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode TLC bioassay didapatkan informasi 2 isolat jamur endofit yang bersifat paling aktif yaitu DAP KRI-5 dan BAP KRI-8. Dari pemisahan dan pemurnian didapatkan 2 buah senyawa murni dari DAP KRI-5 yaitu F4.3, dan F2.3.9. Hasil dari elusidasi struktur menggunakan spektr. 1H dan 13C-NMR; UV-Vis; dan GC-MS menunjukkan F4.3 adalah C6H6O3 yaitu floroglusinol. Floroglusinol mempunyai aktivitas antibakteri melawan S. aureus sama kuatnya dengan klorampenikol dengan nilai MIC yaitu 64 𝜇g/mL, namun sampel F4.3 bersifat parsial sebagai antibakteri. Berdasarkan spektr. 1H dan 13C-NMR, 2D NMR dengan DEPT; HMBC; HMQC; dan 1H-1H COSY, spektr. UV-Vis dan IR, dan ToF ESI-MS menunjukkan F2.3.9 mempunyai rumus molekul C30H37NO6 yaitu sitokalasin D.

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Albertisia papuana Becc is tropical plants that belong to the family of Menispermaceae. It was known as medicine, such as an antibiotic/antibacteria. Besides plants, microorganisms including endophytic fungi also can produce antibiotics. Endophytic fungi live in their host plant. Endophytic fungi have abundant number in the world (1.5 million compared to approximately 300 thousands of plant). They can produce diversity of bioactive metabolites. The other hand, they have not been maximized exploration yet. This study was conducted for screening and isolating of bioactive compounds of endophytic fungi from A. papuana as antibiotics. This research activities obtained 15 isolates of the endophytic fungi. The isolates are from the stem and leaf, 8 and 7 isolates respectively.

Screening of antibacterial activity with TLC bioassay obtained two isolates which have the most active as antibacterial, there are DAP KRI-5 and BAP KRI-8. Separation and purification obtained two pure compounds from KRI DAP-5, there are F4.3, and F2.3.9. The results of structure elucidation by spectr. 1H and13C-NMR, UV-Vis, and GC-MS showed F4.3 is C6H6O3, phloroglucinol. Phloroglucinol has antibacterial activity against S. aureus as well as chloramphenicol with MIC value are 64 𝜇g/mL, but F4.3 partially activity as antibacterial agent. Based on spectr. 1H and 13C-NMR, 2D NMR with DEPT; HMBC; HMQC; and 1H-1H COSY, spectr. UV-Vis and IR, and ToF ESI-MS showed F2.3.9 is C30H37NO6, cytochalasin D."

"Kapang endofit diketahui mampu menghasilkan metabolit sekunderyang beraktivitas biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh isolat kapangendofit dari akar, daun Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. serta batang Garciniacelebica L. kemudian menguji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak hasil fermentasidan supernatannya. Dari 23 isolat kapang endofit yang berhasil diisolasi, 10isolat yang berbeda secara makroskopik diambil untuk difermentasimenggunakan medium PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) dan PDY (PotatoDextrose Yeast). Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metodeDPPH (1,1,-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil). Dari uji pendahuluan, didapat 2 isolatyang menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan dan hasil pengujian denganspektrofotometri UV-Vis menunjukkan isolat D1N2 (n-BuOH, PDY) memilikiaktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 41,61 μg/mL, sedangIC50 vitamin C adalah 3,6 μg/mL. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat dikatakanbahwa isolat D1N2 (n-BuOH, PDY) memiliki aktivitas yang baik sebagaiantioksidan. Kesimpulan yang didapat adalah kapang endofit dari akar dandaun Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. memiliki aktivitas antioksidan."