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"Many microorganisms capable of degrading petroleum components have been isolated and few of the seem to be important for petroleum biodegradation in natural environments...."

"The ability of native bacteria to utilize diesel fuel as the sole carbon and energy source was investigated in this research...."

"DEnaturing gradient get electrophoresis was used to identify the bacterial community at the Gedongsongo (WGS-2) hot spring....."

"Among twenty one isolates, obtained from "aren" (Aretga Rinnata) vinegar, 10 isolates were identified as acetic acid bacteria, belong to genus Acetobacter. Isolates no. 12 was used as inoculum for vinegar fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y-17) was provided by University of Indonesia Culture Collection.Two hundred fifty grams of pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel was boiled for 1.5 hours and then filtered to obtain the extract. Aquadest was added into substrate to obtain 1 litre of extract and then added with 15% or 20% castor sugar. Substrate was sterilised at 121°C for 10 minutes.Fermentation was carried out in syrup bottle containing 540 ml substrate. Approximately 60 ml of starter containing mix-culture with diffrent ratio of 1 day old S. cer visiae (106 cfu/ml) and 5 days old Acetobacter sp. no.12 {10 cfu/ml) was inoculated into the substrate. The ratio of yeast cells to bacteria were follow: (1:1); (2:1); (3:1} or (4:1). Fermentation was set up in room temperature (3O -- 32°C for 1 month. The concentration of acetic acid was titrated with standarised NaOH.Result of this study showed that substrate with 15% sugar yielded (1.1 - 1.4)% acetic acid. The average acetic acid concentration from substrate with 20% sugar were (0.44 - 0.89%). It was concluded that substrate with 15% sugar gave higher concentration and the best ratio of starter was (1 : 1)."

"Penelitian isolasi bertahap telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin, dan aspal. Isolasi dilakukan terhadap lima sampel tanah terkontaminasi minyak dari Sumatera Selatan. Medium isolasi menggunakan soil extract diperkaya oil recovery atau oil recovery sisa degradasi (OSD) sebagai satu-satunya sumber karbon dan energi sesuai tahapan isolasi. OSD setiap akhir tahap isolasi difraksinasi menggunakan analisis SARA untuk mengetahui fraksi jenuh, aromatik, resin dan aspal. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan enam isolat bakteri terpilih berdasarkan kecepatan degradasi tertinggi pada setiap tahap, satu isolat bakteri pendegradasi fraksi jenuh yaitu Mycobacterium sp. T1H2D4-7 dengan laju degradasi 0,0199 mg/jam dan kepadatan 8,4x10 6cfu/g dari tahap I. Isolat T2H1D2-4 teridentifikasi sebagai Pseudomonas sp. merupakan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aromatik dengan laju degradasi 0,0141 mg/jam dan kepadatan 5,1x10 6cfu/g diperoleh pada tahap II. Dua isolat yaitu Micrococcus sp. T3H2D4-2 dan Pseudomonas sp. T1H1D5-5 merupakan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi resin yang masing-masing mempunyai laju degradasi 0,0088 mg/jam dengan kepadatan 5,6x10 6cfu/g, dan 0,0089 mg/jam dengan kepadatan 5,7x10 6cfu/g diperoleh dari tahap III. Isolasi tahap IV diperoleh dua isolat yaitu Pseudomonas sp. T4H1D3-1 dan Pseudomonas sp. T4H3D5-4 yang merupakan bakteri pendegradasi fraksi aspal, masing-masing mempunyai kecepatan degradasi 0,0057 mg /jam dengan kerapatan 5,6x10 6cfu/g, dan 0,0058 mg/jam dengan kerapatan 5,7x10 6cfu/g.

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Sequential isolation has been conducted to obtain isolates of saturated, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractions degrading bacteria from oil contaminated sites. Five soil samples were collected from South Sumatera. These bacterial isolates were obtained using soil extract medium enriched with oil recovery or remaining-oil recovery degradated (ROD) as sole carbon and energy sources according to the isolation stage as the isolation medium. ROD at the end of every isolation stage analyzed oil fractions by use of the SARA analysis method. Six isolates of bacteria have been selected, one isolate was fraction satu rates degrading bacteria that are Mycobacterium sp. T1H2D4-7 at degradation rate 0.0199 mgs/h with density 8.4x10 6cfu/g from stage I. The isolate T2H1D2-4, identified as Pseudomonas sp. was fraction aromatics degrading bacteria at accelerate 0.0141 mgs/h with density 5.1x10 6cfu/g are obtained at stage II. Two isolates namely Micrococcus sp. T3H2D4-2 and Pseudomonas sp. T1H1D5-5 were fraction resins degrading bacteria by accelerate 0.00 88 mgs/h at density 5.6x10 6cfu/g and 0.0089 mgs/h at density 5.7x10 6 cfu/g are obtained at stage III. Isolation of stage IV has been obtained two isolates Pseudomonas sp. T4H1D3-1 and Pseudomonas sp. T4H3D5-4 were fraction asphaltenes degrading bacteria by accelerate 0.0057 mgs/h at density 5.6x10 6cfu/g and accelerate 0.0058 mgs/h at density 5.7x10 6cfu/g."

"Sugar is a very important carbon and energy source for human. Thelocal production of sugar in indonesia is not adequate and alternativesources should be found. Microorganisms (Bacillus amyfoiiquefaciens, B. Iicheniformis, B. cereus, B. circulans, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa, B. stearothermophilus, Pyrococcus woeseg P. furiosus, Clostndium thermosulfurogenes, C. thermohydrosulfuricum, Aspergillus awamorL A. nigen A. oryzae, A. saitoil Mucor rouxianus, Penicillium oxalicum, Rhizopus deleman Aerobacter aerogenes, and Streptomyces) are known as producer ot on-amylase, glucoamylase, and pullulanase enzymes through of starch fermentation which may be converted into a sugar compound. A preliminary study on endophytic bacteria proved their ability to grow on soluble starch, glutinous rice, and pullulan. Pullulanase convert pullulan to maltotriosa. This enzyme may work synergistically with on-amylase and with glucoamylase for a better conversion of starch to glucose. An endophytic bacteria lCMe3 obtained from the Research and Development Centre for Biotechnology LIP! at Cibinong, Bogor was examined on its ability to produce pullulanse _ For this purpose, soluble starch 1%, cassava starch 1%, and pullulan 1% (all wlv), were used as carbon and energy source in Bakshi medium (Bakshi etal., 1993). The concentration of the inoculum_was 1.25 x 10° cells/ml. Incubation was carried out at : 30°C (room temperature) and 37°C (Mapiliandari, 1999), at pH 7.0 (Bakshi et al., 1993) and pH 5.0 (Mapiliandari, 1999). The fermentation process was terminated after 24 - 26 hours. The growth of lCNle3 varied depending on carbon source, temperature, and pH. The best growth was found on pullulan at pH 7.0 and incubation temperature of of 30°C . However, when the pH of the medium was lowered to 5.0 (Mapiliandari, 1999) and the incubation temperature 30°C a higher cell number (79.5) x 108 cells/ml was obtained on pullclan as carbon source. The bacteri was grown on cassava starch medium and the pullulanase activity studied. The synergism of pullulanase with amylase and with glucoamylase to degrade cassava starch was also studied. To obtain the crude enzyme extract, the cell mass was centrifuged with a Sorval RC - 26 Plus centrifuge. The Hltrate was then concentrated with UHF, sedimented with (NH4)2SO4, and dialized with buffer Na-acetat (pH 4.8). Activity of the crude enzyme was examined on cassava starch and onpullulan. The unit activity of enzyme was 1.374 U/ml on cassava starch,1.290 U/ml on pullulan, and the protein content was 0.039 mglml. The activity of the crude enzyme, after treatment with UHF, was 2.225 U/ml for pullulan, 2.527 U/mt for cassava starch, and the protein content was 0.014 mg/ml. The activity of the crude enzyme obtained after sedimentation with 60% saturation of (NH4)2SO4, was 1.156 U/ml for pullulan, 1.162 U/mi for cassava starch, the protein content 0.579 mg/ml. After dialysed with buffer Na-acetate (pH 4.8) the activity was 6.25 U/ml for pullulan, 6.45 U/ml for cassava starch with the protein content of 2.997 mg/ml. To study the optimum pH and temperaturefor the enzyme production, the isolate iCMe3 was grown on Bakshi medium with various pHs, : 4.0, 4.5, 4.8, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and incubated at various temperatures 30°C, 40°C 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C. The optimum pH for enzyme sinthesis on puliulan was 5.0 (4.81 U/ml) and on cassava starch 4.8 (13.27 U/ml). The optimum temperature for enzyme synthesis on pullulan was 40°C (26416 U/ml) and on cassava starch 50°C (22.34 U/ml). The best synergism of pullulanase with on-amylase for both C sources was 25% (dilution of enzyme), while the synergism with glucoamylase was 100% for pulluian and 50% for cassava starch to convere the starch (pullulanand cassava starch) glucose."

"ABSTRAKUndang-undang RI No. 19 tahun 2009, pengesahan konvensi Stockholm tentang bahan pencemar organik yang persisten, dan telah melarang penggunaan kategori insektisida yaitu aldrin, klordan, dieldrin, endrin, heptaklor, heksaklorobenzena, mirex, toxaphene dan poliklorinatbifenil (PCB), serta membatasi penggunaan insektisida diklorodifenildikloroetana (DDT). Faktanya, keberadaan insektisida organoklorin tersebut masih ditemukan di tanah sawah Kabupaten Karawang yaitu aldrin, DDT, endosulfan, endrin, heptaklor dan lindan dengan konsentrasi berkisar antara 1,5 ng/g sampai dengan 5,37 ng/g. Teknologi pengendalian residu pestisida dapat dilakukan melalui ameliorasi secara biologi dengan bioremediasi, secara fisika dengan adsorpsi arang aktif, sedangkan, secara kimia melalui penambahan alum dan lain-lain. Bioaugmentasi adalah introduksi mikroba tertentu pada daerah yang akan diremediasi. Bakteri tempatan potensial pendegradasi heptaklor hasil isolasi adalah Citrobacter sp. Setelah diidentifikasi dengan 16S rRNA, bakteri tersebut adalah Raoultella ornithinolytica B4, bakteri ini golongan Enterobacteriaceae, Gram negatif, dan menghasilkan enzim katalase. Biochar tempurung kelapa (BTK) memiliki sifat adsorben berdasarkan nilai daya serap iod sebesar 570,22 mg/g, luas permukaannya 371,943 m2/g, dan diameter pori 0,4-7,0 mm karena proses karbonasi 300 oC menghasilkan ukuran makropori. Hasil uji adsorpsi BTK 5% (b/b) terhadap heptaklor 2 mg/L secara adsorpsi fisik, terlihat dari persamaan Langmuir memiliki linearitas y=1,704x ? 0,002, kapasitas adsorpsinya 1,704 mg/g, dengan efisiensi adsorpsinya sebesar 75,01%. Proses bioaugmentasi tanah sawah tercemar heptaklor oleh bakteri tempatan Raoultella ornithinolytica B4 dengan bantuan BTK 5%, menghasilkan degradasi heptaklor (Rt 11,31 menit) menjadi 1-hidroksiklordene (Rt 12,38 menit), dengan nilai efisiensi remediasi sebesar 75,38%.

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ABSTRACTThe regulation of Republic of Indonesia No. 19 in 2009, about the ratification of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutans (POPs), that bann the use of insecticides category, namely aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and as well as the restriction use of insecticide dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDT). In fact, the presence of insecticides organochlorine are still found on paddy filed, from nine villages and sub-districts in Karawang contained seven types, they are aldrin, DDT, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor and lindane concentrations in the district ranges from 0.3 ng/g in up to 5.37 ng/g. Bioaugmentation is the applications of indigenous or allochthonous wide type or genetically modified microorganisms to hazardous waste polluted sites in order to accelerate the removal of undesired compounds. Indigenous Bacteria that is potential to degrade heptachlor is obtained from the isolation of Citrobacter sp and finally identified by 16S rRNA identification technique, that this bacteria is Raoultella ornithinolytica B4 which is classified as a group of bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae, as a Gram-negative, and produce the enzyme catalase. Biochar coconut shell (BCS) as adsorbent was tested for its quality by SNI-06-3730-1995 method. It has a water content of 11.88% (w/w), ash content of 3.32%, an easily evaporated substance content of 13.61%, bounded carbon to 71.20%, and iod number of 570.22 mg/g. The adsorption result of BCS 5% (w/w) to heptachlor was 2 mg/L which was fit with physical adsorption of Langmuir equation with adsorption linearity y = 1,704x - 0,002, adsorption capacity of 1.704 mg / g, so BCS can adsorb heptachlor well. Bioaugmentation using single strain of R. ornithinolytica B4 successful for removal of heptachlor with efficiency was observed in 35 days incubation was 75.38%, and heptachlor (11,31 minute) degraded to 1-hydroxychlordene (12,38 minute). "