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"Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of polymers currently receiving much attention because of theirpotential as renewable and biodegradable plastics. A wide variety of bacteria has been reported to produce PHAsincluding Pseudomonas strains. These strains are known as versatile medium chain length PHAs (PHAs-mcl) producersusing fatty acids as carbon source. Oleic acid was used to produce PHAs-mcl using Pseudomonas putida PGA 1 bycontinuous feeding of both nitrogen and carbon source, in a fed batch culture. During cell growth, PHAs alsoaccumulated, indicating that PHA production in this organism is growth associated. Residual cell increased until thenitrogen source was depleted. At the end of fermentation, final cell concentration, PHA content, and productivity were30.2 g/L, 44.8 % of cell dry weight, and 0.188 g/l/h, respectively."

"Keseimbangan berbagai jenis bakteri pada kulit sangat penting dalam menjaga kesehatan kulit. Permasalahan pada kulit wajah yang muncul salah satunya disebabkan oleh disbiosis mikroba. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisis keberagaman mikrobiom bakteri yang terdapat pada kulit wajah dengan kondisi pH dan kelembaban beragam. Metode analisis diversitas dengan Next Generation Sequencing 16s rRNA. Jumlah responden yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 144 sampel. Hasil analisis pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kelas filum bakteri tertinggi Actinobacterium (49,72%), Proteobacterium (29,86%) dan Firmicutes (18,64%). Pada genus Cutibacterium (41,48%), Neisseriaceae (20,29), Staphylococcus (10,16%) ditemukan terbanyak pada kulit wajah dengan nilai kondisi pH dan kelembaban berbeda. Analisis diversitas alfa dengan indeks Chao1 (p=0,05) dan Faith PD(p=0.004) menunjukan kelimpahan mikrobiom signifikan lebih tinggi ditemukan pada pH tinggi dibandingkan pH normal. Analisis diversitas Alfa pada kelembaban tidak ditemukan signifikan terhadap kelimpahan bakteri mikrobiom wajah. Hasil diversitas beta ditemukan perbedaan kelimpahan mikrobiom bakteri pada sepuluh genus tertinggi yang ditemukan pada pH normal dan pH tinggi serta kelompok kelembaban dengan sangat lembab, lembab dan kering. Kesimpulan penelitian profil genus Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae, Staphylococcus bakteri paling banyak ditemukan pada pH tinggi dan pH normal seta kelembaban sangat lembab, lembab dan kering. Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae dan Staphylococcus menunjukan adanya peningkatan pH kulit maka kelimpahan bakteri tersebut semakin meningkat. Pada kelembaban kulit, kelimpahan Cutibacterium dan Staphylococcus menurun seiring penurunan nilai kelembaban kulit.

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Balancing various types of bacteria on the skin is crucial for maintaining skin health. One of the issues that arise with facial skin is caused by microbial dysbiosis. Research was conducted to analyze the diversity of bacterial microbiomes on the facial skin with varying pH and moisture conditions. The diversity analysis method used Next Generation Sequencing 16s rRNA, and the study included 144 samples. The results of this research revealed that the highest bacterial phylum classes were Actinobacterium (49.72%), Proteobacterium (29.86%), and Firmicutes (18.64%). The genera Cutibacterium (41.48%), Neisseriaceae (20.29%), and Staphylococcus (10.16%) were the most abundant on the facial skin with different pH and moisture conditions. Alpha diversity analysis using Chao1 index (p=0.05) and Faith PD (p=0.004) indicated significantly higher microbial abundance found in high pH compared to normal pH. However, there was no significant difference in alpha diversity concerning the moisture level and facial bacterial microbiome abundance. Beta diversity analysis showed differences in bacterial microbiome abundance in the top ten genera found between normal pH and high pH, as well as between moisture groups categorized as very moist, moist, and dry. In conclusion, the research profiled the genera Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae, and Staphylococcus as the most found bacteria in high pH and normal pH conditions, as well as very moist, moist, and dry moisture levels. Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae, and Staphylococcus showed an increase in skin pH resulting in an increase in the abundance of these bacteria. On the other hand, the abundance of Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus decreased with decreasing skin moisture levels."

"Penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri masih menjadi masalah di masyarakat. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi infeksi tersebut dengan menggunakan antibiotika. Namun, beberapa penelitian melaporkan banyak bakteri telah resisten terhadap antibiotika tertentu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memodifikasi asam risinoleat dan mereaksikannya dengan asam galat untuk menghasilkan produk yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Esterifikasi dilakukan dengan mereaksikan asam risinoleat dan oleat dengan metanol serta adanya penambahan katalis asam sulfat. Metil ester yang terbentuk selanjutnya dioksidasi menggunakan H2O2 30%. Tahap berikutnya adalah reaksi esterifikasi Steglich dengan asam galat. Tahapan reaksi dipantau menggunakan KLT. Produk hasil reaksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, NMR dan UV, setelah dilakukan pemurnian dengan kromatografi kolom. Dari tahapan sintesis fenolipid didapatkan produk berupa fenolipid metil risinoleat, fenolipid oksida risinoleat, dan fenolipid oksida metil oleat. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR produk fenolipid didapatkan peningkatan intensitas pita serapan gugus -OH pada rentang bilangan gelombang 3500 cm-1 sampai 3200 cm-1 yang menunjukkan adanya pertambahan gugus -OH. Ciri khas serapan lainnya terdapat serapan -C-O ester aromatik pada bilangan gelombang 1300 cm-1 sampai 1000 cm-1. Selain itu, terdeteksi serapan infra merah gugus C=C aromatik pada bilangan gelombang 1625 cm-1 samapai 1500 cm-1. Produk fenolipid yang diperoleh diuji tosisitasnya terhadap Daphnia magna. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa senyawa fenolipid memiliki toksisitas yang sangat tinggi dengan nilai LC50 <100 ppm. Produk hasil sintesis jugdiuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil uji tersebut menunjukkan bahwa produk fenolipid mengalami sedikit peningkatan aktivitas dibandingkan senyawa prekursor yang ditunjukkan pada nilai zona inhibisin namun masih tergolong memiliki aktivitas lemah

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Diseases caused by bacterial infections are still a problem in society. One way to treat the infection is to use antibiotics. However, some studies report that many bacteria have become resistant to certain antibiotics. This research was conducted to modify ricinoleic acid and react with gallic acid to produce a product that has antibacterial activity. Esterification was carried out by reacting ricinoleic and oleic acids with methanol with the addition of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The methyl ester formed was then oxidized using 30% H2O2. The Steglich esterification reaction with gallic acid. The reaction steps were monitored using TLC. The reaction products were characterized using FTIR, NMR, and UV after purification by column chromatography. From the phenolipid synthesis stage, the products obtained were phenolipid methyl ricinoleate, phenolipid ricinoleic oxide, and phenolipid oxide methyl oleate. The results of FTIR characterization of phenolipid products showed an increase in the intensity of the absorption band of the-OH group in the range of wave numbers from 3500 cm-1 to 3200 cm-1, which indicated an increase in the-OH group. Another characteristic of absorption is the absorption of-C-O aromatic esters at wave numbers of 1300 cm-1 to 1000 cm-1. In addition, infrared absorption of the aromatic C=C group was detected at wave numbers from 1625 cm1 to 1500 cm-1. The phenolipid products obtained weres examined for their toxicity against Daphnia magna. The results showed that all phenolipid compounds were categorized as very strong toxicity with an LC50 value of <100 ppm. The synthesized products were also tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The test results showed that the phenolipid product experienced a slight increase in activity compared to the precursor compound, indicated by the inhibitory zone value, but was still classified as having weak activity."

"Latar belakang: Endometriosis merupakan pertumbuhan jaringan mirip endometrium yang abnormal diluar uterus Studi menunjukkan peran infeksi yang memicu proses inflamasi berhubungan dengan awal mula terjadinya endometriosis. Berbagai macam mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi dari vagina dapat migrasi keatas kemudian menginfeksi dan mengkontaminasi dinding uterus. Akibatnya terjadi akumulasi endotoksin pada cairan mentruasi maupun cairan peritoneal menyebabkan inflamasi dan memicu pertumbuhan endometriosis. Tujuan: Membuktikan adanya korelasi antara mikroorganisme yang ditemukan pada hasil kultur bilasan vagina dengan mikroorganisme yang ditemukan pada cairan peritoneum hasil laparoskopi perempuan usia reproduksi yang terdiagnosis endometriosis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian analitik poltong lintang yang bertujuan untuk melihat adanya hubungan korelasi serta mengetahui tingkat korelasi antara mikroorganisme kultur bilasan vagina dengan mikroorganisme pada cairan peritoneum pasien endometriosis. Hasil: Hasil kultur bilasan vagina dari 31 subjek penelitian yang diteliti, mikroorganisme terbanyak adalah Enterococcus faecalis (32.3%), Eschericia coli (29.1%), dengan 16.1% dengan hasil kultur negatif. Sedangkan dari hasil kultur bilasan peritoneum terdapat 3 subjek (9.6%) dengan hasil positif yaitu dengan jenis bakteri Eschericia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, dan Pseudomonas. Terdapat korelasi lemah antara hasil kultur bilasan vagina dengan kultur bilasan peritoneum (r 0.13). Terdapat korelasi sedang antara kultur positif bilasan vagina dengan nyeri pelvik kronis, korelasi lemah antara kultur positif bilasan vagina dengan nilai Ca 125, dan korelasi lemah antara kultur positif cairan peritoneum dengan tuba kiri yang non paten. Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar bakteri dari bilasan vagina dan bilasan peritoneum pada pasien endometriosis memiliki hasil bakteri dari organ pencernaan. Terdapat korelasi lemah antara hasil kultur bilasan vagina dengan kultur bilasan peritoneum pada pasien endometriosis.

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Background: Endometriosis is an abnormal endometrial like-tissue growth outside the uterus. Studies show the role of infection that triggers the inflammatory process associated with the onset of endometriosis. Various kinds of microorganisms even normal flora causing infection of the vagina can migrate upwards then infect and contaminate the uterine wall. Due to retrogade mestruation, mestrual fluid can entered the peritoneal cavity. As a result, accumulation of endotoxin in menstrual fluid and with retrograde menstruation endotoxins in peritoneal fluid causes inflammation and triggers the growth of endometriosis.

Objective: To prove correlation between microorganisms in vaginal rinse cultures with microorganisms in peritoneal fluid culture in reproductive age women with endometriosis.

Methods: This research use consecutive sampling with 31 subjects reproductive age women with endometriosis who performed surgery procedure. Vaginal bilasan and peritoneal fluid culture were performed. Research was approved by our institutional ethics commitee for health research in 2016.

Results: Results of vaginal rinse culture of 31 subjects studied. Most of vaginal bilasan culture result in gastrointestinal bacteria. Most microorganisms were Enterococcus faecalis (32.3%), Eschericia coli (29.1%), with 16.1% with negative culture results. While the result of peritoneum rinse culture there are 3 subject (9.6%) with positive result that was with Eschericia coli bacteria type, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas. There was weak correlation between vaginal rinse culture results and peritoneal rinse culture (r 0.13). There is a correlation between the positive culture of the vaginal rinse with chronic pelvic pain, between the positive culture of the vaginal rinse and Ca 125, and between the positive culture of the peritoneal rinse with the non-patent left tube.

Conclusion: Most of vaginal and peritoneal rinse culture in endometriosis patients result in gastrointestinal bacteria. There was weak correlation between vaginal swab and peritoneal rinse culture."

"ABSTRAKEkstraksi Asbuton secara biologis terhadap CaCO3 sebagai pengotor utamaAsbuton dilakukan dengan dua tahap. Tahap pertama glukosa dikonversi menjadiasam laktat oleh bakteri Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 melalui prosesfermentasi selama 24 jam pada suhu 37oC. Tahap kedua proses bioleachingCaCO3 berlangsung saat asam laktat bereaksi dengan CaCO3 menjadi kalsiumlaktat. Tingginya kandungan umpan glukosa dan besarnya kecepatan agitasimempengaruhi kemampuan bakteri mereduksi padatan karbonat. Keberadaankalsium laktat, CaCO3 dan aspal diuji menggunakan FTIR. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa kandungan glukosa yang tinggi dengan kecepatan agitasiyang rendah mampu menghasilkan CaCO3 terlarut sebesar 0,3188%. KandunganCaCO3 pada ekstrak bitumen berkurang menjadi 19,67% dari 43,28% pada 150rpm dengan umpan glukosa 12 % (b/v).

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ABSTRACTBiologically extraction of Asbuton to leaching CaCO3 as the main impuritiesAsbuton done in two phases. The first phase, glucose is converted to lactic acid bythe bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 through fermentation for 24hours at 37oC. The second phase, bioleaching CaCO3 takes place when lactic acidreacts with CaCO3 into calcium lactate. Percentage of glucose content and the rateof agitation speed in the feed is affects the ability of bacteria to reduce carbonatesolids. Presence of calcium lactate, CaCO3 and asphalt were tested using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the high glucose content withlow agitation speeds is able to produce CaCO3 dissolved by 0,3188%. Content ofCaCO3 solids in the extract bitumen was reduced to 19,67% from 43,28% at 150rpm agitation speeds with 12% (w/v) glucose content."

"Latar Belakang: Baduy merupakan suku yang masih melestarikan budayanya tersendiri tanpa dipengaruhi oleh faktor luar yang menyebabkan variasi genetik dan dapat mempengaruhi komposisi mikroba dalam rongga mulut. Variasi mikroba dan status kebersihan rongga mulut berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan biofilm yang dipengaruhi oleh hasil metabolit sejumlah mikroorganisme, seperti protein dan nitrat. Protein berperan penting dalam perlekatan mikroba dan mendukung adhesi intraselular serta komunikasi antar mikroba sehingga meningkatkan pembentukan biofilm. Keberadaan NO dalam rongga mulut dapat mengurangi tingkat c-di-GMP yang menyebabkan terjadinya dispersi pada biofilm sehingga dapat memecah matriks biofilm. Tujuan: Mengamati pengaruh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy terhadap viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dalam kondisi aerob. Metode: Pemeriksaan konsentrasi protein dari spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dilakukan dengan uji Bradford, uji Griess untuk menetapkan konsentrasi nitrat, uji Crystal Violet untuk menetapkan nilai optical density yang merepresentasikan massa biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count (TPC) yang menentukan viabilitas sel. Masing-masing perlakuan dibedakan berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat pada spent medium 5% dan 10% dengan waktu inkubasi selama 24 jam dalam kondisi aerob. Selanjutnya data diolah secara statistik menggunakan uji komparasi One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, dan Mann-Whitney U. Hasil: Uji statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada perbandingan viabilitas sel biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat sebesar 5% dan 10%, massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi spent medium dengan konsentrasi nitrat 5% dan 10%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dengan perbedaan konsentrasi protein 5% dan 10%, serta viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy yang mengandung KNO3 dan tanpa KNO3. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan konsentrasi protein pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy sebagai bahan uji meningkatkan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Namun, peningkatan konsentrasi nitrat pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dapat menurunkan viabilitas sel pada biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Selain itu, kandungan KNO3 pada spent medium juga meningkatkan viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro Non-Baduy. Kata kunci: Suku Baduy, spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah, konsentrasi protein, konsentrasi nitrat, viabilitas sel, dan massa biofilm.

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Background: Baduy is a tribe that still preserves its own culture without being influenced by external factors that cause genetic variations and can influence the composition of microbes in the oral cavity. Microbial variations and oral hygiene status are related to biofilm growth which is influenced by the metabolites of several microorganisms, such as proteins and nitrates. Proteins play an important role in microbial attachment and support intracellular adhesion and communication between the microorganisms, thereby increasing biofilm formation. The presence of NO in the oral cavity can reduce the level of c-di-GMP which causes dispersion in the biofilm, so that it can break down the biofilm matrix. Objective: To determine the effect of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy on cell viability and biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial under aerobic conditions. Methods: Protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy was examined using the Bradford test, the Griess test to determine nitrate concentration, the Crystal Violet test to determine the optical density value which represents the biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial, and the Total Plate Count (TPC) test which determines cell viability of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial. Each treatment was differentiated based on the concentration of protein and nitrate at 5% and 10% of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy with an incubation time of 24 hours under aerobic conditions. Afterwards, the data was collected and tested statistically using One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the comparison of cell viability of Non-Baduy tongue biofilms that were intervened by spent medium based on protein concentrations of 5% and 10% and nitrates of 5% and 10%, the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial that were intervened by spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy based on nitrate concentrations of 5% and 10%. There were no statistically significant differences in comparison of the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial with 5% and 10% protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy, as well as cell viability and biofilm mass that were intervened by spent medium of containing KNO3 and without KNO3. Conclusion: Increasing the protein concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swabs from the Baduy as a test material increases the mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. However, increasing the nitrate concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy can reduce cell viability in the in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. In addition, the KNO3 content in the spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy also increased the cell viability and tongue biofilm mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. Key words: Baduy, spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab, protein concentration, nitrate concentration, cell viability, and biofilm mass.

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"Potensi Indonesia sebagai salah satu penghasil minyak cengkeh terbesar di dunia didukung dengan pengembangan perkebunan cengkeh di Indonesia. Sulawesi Utara merupakan provinsi penghasil minyak cengkeh di Indonesia. Desa Liandok yang berada pada kabupaten Minahasa Selatan, provinsi Sulawesi Utara memiliki area perkebunan cengkeh yang luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi gen ech dan gen fcs pada bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan. Bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan diisolasi dengan beberapa medium selektif. Ektraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. Isolasi genom dari ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa. Primer forward dan primer reverse didesain dengan multiple alignment sekuens yang menyandi gen ech dan gen fcs dari bakteri Pseudomonas sp. pada data NCBI GenBank. Analisis PCR dilakukan melalui primer forward dan primer reverse untuk mendeteksi gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat. Selanjutnya, amplikon dianalisis dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa untuk menunjukan pita pada daerah gen ech dan gen fcs. Analisis secara molekuler dilakukan dengan mengamplifikasi gen 16S rRNA dengan metode PCR menggunakan primer universal 27F dan 534R dan dilanjutkan dengan sekuensing terhadap gen 16S rRNA. Langkah terakhir, yaitu dilakukan analisis hasil sekuensing menggunakan metode BLAST di NCBI. Keberadaan gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat bervariasi. Sembilan isolat dari total 22 isolat memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs. Hasil BLAST terhadap urutan nukleotida gen 16S rRNA dari tiga isolat yang disekuensing mempunyai kesamaan 99% dengan bakteri Pseudomonas nitroreducens dan satu isolat mempunyai kesamaan 96% dengan Pseudomonas denitrificans. Sebagai kesimpulan, bakteri tanah pada perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs yang berpotensi untuk melakukan konversi eugenol menjadi vanillin.

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Indonesias potential as worlds largest clove oil producer is supported by the development of clove plantations in Indonesia. North Sulawesi is a province that playing the biggest role in producing clove oil in Indonesia. Desa Liandok is located in Minahasa Selatan, North Sulawesi which has a large areal of clove oil plantation. This study was aimed to characterize ech and fcs genes in soil bacteria from clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa which has the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin. The soil bacteria from clove plantations in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa was isolated using selective mediums. DNA extraction was carried out using Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. The isolated genomes from DNA extraction were analyzed and carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis. Both primers for PCR were designed by aligning multiple ech and fcs genes sequences of Pseudomonas sp. in NCBI GenBank data. PCR analysis was performed within forward and reverse primers to detect ech and fcs genes in the isolate. Furthermore, the amplicons was analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis to show ech and fcs genes bands. Molecular analysis was carried out by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene with the PCR method using universal primers 27F and 534R and continued with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The last step was to analyze the result of DNA sequencing using BLAST method in NCBI. The existence of ech and fcs genes in each isolate were varied. BLAST analysis against nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from three isolates that were sequenced possess 99% similarities with Pseudomonas nitroreducens and one isolate possesses 96% similarities with Pseudomonas denitrificans. Nine out of 22 isolates contained both fcs and ech genes. To conclude, soil bacterias in clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa have ech and fcs genes which have the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin."

"Minuman kefir merupakan suatu produk fermentasi yang dapat dibuat secara mudah dan murah. Minuman kefir dikenal luas sebagai suatu minuman probiotik. Pembuatan kefir dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan baik susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi dan susu kambing, serta mengisolasi bakteri lactobacilli yang berperan. Aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir diuji berdasarkan perbedaan pada jenis susu yang digunakan dan lama waktu fermentasi. Isolasi dan karakterisasi isolat dilakukan berdasarkan Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Kefir dibuat dengan menginokulasikan 5% (w/v) granula kefir lokal ke dalam 50 mL susu sapi atau kambing yang telah dipasteurisasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 3, 4, dan 5 hari untuk kedua jenis susu. Uji antibakteri dari kefir dilakukan dengan metode difusi menggunakan silinder (cylinder diffusion method) terhadap 5 bakteri uji, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 dan Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. Pengukuran nilai pH kefir dilakukan dengan pH meter dan nilai total asam kefir dengan metode titrasi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kelima bakteri uji. Secara umum kefir susu sapi menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih kecil dari kefir susu kambing, baik dari hasil fermentasi dengan lama waktu 3, 4, maupun 5 hari. Selanjutnya, aktivitas antibakteri yang paling optimal secara umum diperoleh pada kefir dengan lama fermentasi 4 hari baik untuk kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Sebanyak 9 isolat bakteri berhasil diisolasi. Seluruhnya menunjukkan karakteristik bakteri yang berasal dari kelompok lactobacilli.

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Kefir is a fermented beverage that can be made easily and cheaply. Kefir is widely known as a probiotic beverage. The production of kefir can be done using either cow milk or goat milk. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of cow milk and goat milk kefir, as well as to isolate responsible lactobacilli bacteria. The antibacterial activity of kefir is examined based on differences in type of milk used and fermentation time. The isolation and characterization of isolates is done according to Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. The kefirs are made by inoculating 5% (w/v) local kefir grains into 50 mL pasteurized cow milk or goat milk. Fermentation was carried out for 3, 4, and 5 days for both types of milk. The antibacterial test of kefirs was carried out using diffusion method utilizing cylinders (cylinder diffusion method) against 5 test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 and Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. The measurement of kefir pH values was performed using pH meter and kefir total acidities by using titration method. Antibacterial activity test results from either cow milk or goat milk kefir showed the presence of antibacterial activity against five test bacteria. In general, cow milk kefir showed lower antibacterial activity than goat milk kefir in fermentation times of either 3, 4, or 5 days. Furthermore, the most optimal antibacterial activity was generally obtained in kefirs with a fermentation time of 4 days for both cow milk and goat milk kefir. A total of 9 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated. All of which shows the characteristics of bacteria from the lactobacilli group."

"Kuinolon adalah antibiotik berspektrum luas, yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi oleh bakteri gram positif ataupun negatif. Pemilihan antibiotik yang tepat sangat menentukan keberhasilan pengobatan infeksi bakteri. Kepekaan bakteri senantiasa berubah pada waktu dan tempat yang berbeda, sehingga perlu adanya analisis rutin mengenai pola sensitifitas bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Pola sensitifitas ini sangat diperlukan sebagai dasar pemilihan antibiotik untuk terapi empirik pada kasus infeksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari hasil uji resistensi bakteri terhadap berbagai antibiotika di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia tahun 2001-2006, yang memperoleh bahan pemeriksaan klinik dari berbagai rumah sakit terutama RSCM dan juga dari praktik pribadi di Jakarta. Data penelitian ini menggunakan bakteri yang diisolasi dari darah yang diuji sensitivitasnya terhadap siprofloksasin, gatifloksasin, moksifloksasin, ofloksasin, dan levofloksasin. Data diolah dengan software WHONET 5.4. Metode statistik yang digunakan adalah metode cross-sectional deskriptif. Dari 791 isolat yang berasal dari 770 pasien dengan bakterimia positif, ditemukan bakteri gram negatif sebanyak 525 isolat dan bakteri gram positif 266 isolat. Bakteri gram negatif terbanyak adalah Acinetobacter anitratus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sedangkan bakteri gram positif terbanyak adalah Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus. Sensitivitas bakteri-bakteri tersebut terhadap siprofloksasin, gatifloksasin, moksifloksasin, ofloksasin, dan levofloksasin, umumnya masih sangat baik. Fluorokuinolon dapat dijadikan pilihan dalam terapi empiris pada penyakit infeksi oleh bakteri hingga hasil kultur dan uji resistensi diperoleh.

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Quinolones are wide spectrum anitmicrobial agents used to treat the infection by both of the gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The exact selection of antibiotic is critical for the success of medical treatment for the bacterial infections. The sensitivity of the bacteria always changes at the different time and place, results the need of routine analysis about the pattern of bacterial sensitivity against antibiotics. Understanding the pattern of bacterial sensitivity can help in choosing antibiotic as empirical therapy. The data that was taken is the secondary data received from results of the test of bacterial resistance against various antibiotics from the year 2001-2006 that was sent to the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of University of Indonesia. The data was processed with software WHONET 5,4. The statistical method used was crosssectional descriptive method. From 791 isolat that came from 770 patients with bacteremia, the gram-negative bacteria are 525 isolat and the gram-positive bacteria are 266 isolat. The most gram-negative bacteria isolated are Acinetobacter anitratus, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Whereas the most gram-positive bacteria are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The sensitivity of these bacteria against ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin, generally are still very well. Fluoroquinolone can be a choice in empirical therapy in the infection by the bacteria untill the results of culture and the test resistance have been received."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria dari sampel tanah hutan di sekitar Geiser Cisolok, Jawa Barat dengan metode culture-dependent dan metode culture-independent. Isolasi bakteri menggunakan medium Reasoner's 2A (10%) dengan penambahan 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, dan sodium azide. Inkubasi dilakukan pada suhu 30 oC selama 3 minggu. Amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menggunakan primer spesifik Ktedonobacteria (primer 161F dan 941R), dan primer universal bakteri (9F dan 1510R). Identitas isolat bakteri diperoleh berdasarkan data full sequence gen 16S rRNA melalui pencarian homologi pada EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). Analisis filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbour Joining, Maximum Evolution, dan Maximum Likelihood. Analisis keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria menggunakan Next Generation Sequencing berdasarkan data partial sequence (daerah variabel V1--V3) dari gen 16S rRNA. Analisis data komposisi taksonomi bakteri dan indeks keanekaragaman menggunakan software QIIME2. Empat isolat Ktedonobacteria dengan kode K17-1, K17-2, K42, dan K44 berhasil diperoleh. Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa keseluruhan isolat merupakan anggota kelas Ktedonobacteria dan berada dalam satu grup dengan type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. Namun demikian, persentase homologi sequence gen 16S rRNA keempat isolat menunjukkan nilai yang rendah terhadap type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, yaitu 97.16 -- 98.02%. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut, keempat isolat yang diperoleh diduga merupakan spesies baru. Hasil analisis dengan software QIIME2 menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanah yang digunakan memiliki nilai indeks keanekaragaman bakteri yang tinggi, dengan nilai sebagai berikut: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); dan 117 (Ace). Filum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria dan Bacteriodetes, merupakan tiga filum dengan persentase paling besar pada sampel tanah, dengan nilai persentase masing-masing 44%, 25%, dan 9%. Kelas Ktedonobacteria pada filum Chloroflexi memiliki persentase yang sangat rendah, yaitu 1,89%. Namun demikian, analisis filogenetik data amplikon (culture-independent) menunjukkan bahwa Ktedonobacteria yang terdapat pada sampel tanah tersebar dalam 5 grup, yang seluruhnya mengindikasikan taksa baru. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode culture-dependent hanya berhasil menemukan satu dari lima grup Ktedonobacteria yang berhasil dideteksi menggunakan metode culture-independent.

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The study aims to determine the diversity of Ktedonobacteria from forest soil samples around the Cisolok Geiser, West Java with culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Bacterial isolation using Reasoner's 2A (10%) medium with 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, and sodium azide. Incubation was carried out at 30 oC for three weeks. Amplification of 16S rRNA gene of bacterial isolates performed using Ktedonobacteria specific primers (primers 161F and 941R), and universal bacterial primers (9F and 1510R). The identity of bacterial isolates was obtained based on full 16S rRNA gene sequence data through a homology search on EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). The phylogenetic analysis was performed by Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Evolution, and Maximum Likelihood methods. Analysis of Ktedonobacteria diversity using Next-Generation Sequencing based on partial sequence data (variable regions V1 -- V3) of the 16S rRNA gene. Analysis of bacterial taxonomy composition data and diversity index was conducted using QIIME2 software. Four isolates of Ktedonobacteria, namely K17-1, K17-2, K42, and K44, were successfully obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates were members of the class Ktedonobacteria and were in the same group as Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. However, the percentage of homology of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the four isolates showed a low value on the type strain of Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, which accounted for 97.16 -- 98.02%. Based on these values, the four isolates obtained probably belonged to the new species. The results of the analysis with QIIME2 software showed that the soil samples had high bacterial diversity index values, with the following values: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); and 117 (Ace). Phylum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes are the three phyla with the largest percentage in soil samples, with percentage values of 44%, 25%, and 9%, respectively. Whereas the class Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi has a very low percentage, which is 1.89%. However, phylogenetic analysis of the amplicon data (culture-independent) showed that Ktedonobacteria found in soil samples distributed into five groups, indicating new taxa. In this study, culture-dependent methods found only one of the five groups of Ktedonobacteria that detected using the culture-independent method."