Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengestimasi dampak kebijakan subsidi raskin di Indonesia dengan mengelompokkan rumahtangga menurut jumlah kuantitas beras yang dikonsumsi. Dampak subsidi raskin berupa diskon harga dan subsidy amount terhadap konsumsi beras, kalori dan total kalori rumahtangga yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan jumlah konsumsi beras sebelum ada kebijakan subsidi raskin level rendah 15 kg.Penelitian ini menggunakan teori demand function yaitu permintaan konsumsi beras yang diteliti dampak subsidi raskin terhadap konsumsi beras, kalori beras dan total kalori. Selain itu diteliti juga substitution effect dipoxy dengan diskon harga dan income effect diproxy dengan subsidy amount terhadap masing-masing kelopok rumahtangga.Hipotesis dampak subsidi raskin terhadap konsumsi kalori adalah positif, dengan menggunakan pendekatan panel data dan regresi dua tahap 2SLS diestimasi koefisiennya, apakah terjadi substitution effect atau income effect. Diduga adanya hubungan endogen antara konsumsi beras dan subsidi maka digunakan interaksi kepemilikan kartu perlindungan sosial dan Post waktu kebijakan KPS sebagai instrument variable.Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa dampak subsidi terhadap kalori lebih meningkat dikelompok rumahtangga dengan level konsumsi beras rendah, sedangkan level rumahtangga beras tinggi dampak subsidi raskin dapat menurunkan konsumsi kalori karena income effect yang terjadi digunakan untuk mengkonsumsi barang yang tidak bergizi atau tetap mengkonsumsi beras tapi dengan kualitas gizi yang rendah.Saran dari hasil studi ini adalah subsidi raskin dapat ditujukan kepada rumahtangga yang mengkonsumsi beras rendah, sedangkan untuk rumahtangga yang mengkonsumsi beras tinggi dapat diberikan subsidi bahan pangan lain yang lebih bergizi dan menggunakan pangan lokal.

---

In this study I estimate the impact of the Raskin subsidy policy in Indonesia by grouping households according to the quantity of rice consumed. The impact of raskin subsidy is the price discount and subsidy amount on the consumption of rice, calories and total household calories grouped based on the amount of rice consumption before the Raskin subsidy policy low level 15 kg .

This research uses demand function theory that is consumption demand of rice which examined the impact of raskin subsidy on rice consumption, rice calorie and total calorie. Also examined substitution effect price discount and income effect subsidy amount to each household group.

The hypothesis of Raskin subsidy impact on calorie consumption is positive, using panel data approach and two stage regression 2SLS is estimated coefficient, whether there is substitution effect or income effect. Suspected of endogenous relationship between rice consumption and subsidy then used the interaction of ownership of social protection card and Post time of rice subsidy policy as an instrument variable.

The results of the study showed that the impact of subsidies on calories is increasing in household groups with low rice consumption level, while the high level of calories consumption is reduced. It heppened because the income effect from the rice subsidy is used to consume non nutritious food or keep consuming rice but with the low quality of calories.

Suggestion from the result of this study is raskin subsidy can be directed to households that consume low rice, while for households that consume high rice can be given other food subsidy program which more nutritious and using local food."

"The impact of Urbanization to food habits and socio-demographic characteristics was examined by comparing a total of 150 elderly subjects from rural, low income urban and middle income urban community (50 in each area) in Bandung district, West Java. All subjects had the same ethnicity (Sundanese). Urban subjects should migrated to the city for at least 30 years.

Data collection was done from January to March 1996. The data was collected through personal interview, anthropometric assessment and in-depth interview to selected individuals. These data collection was aimed to obtain information on food habits, health status, psychological well-being and nutritional status. Changes in food habits was gathered by using list of food which included current and past consumption frequency. Health status data was collected through subjective health reported by the subjects. Nutritional status was assessed by using several anthropometric measurement namely weight, height, armspan and calf circumference.

Changes in consumption frequency of several food items were found between current and past situation and also among areas. Several indicators of psychological well-being were also found significantly different among the three areas. No difference of nutritional status indices among areas were found."

"

LATAR BELAKANG: Praktik diet yang kurang memadai berdampak negatif terhadap asupan zat gizi dan kejadian penyakit kronis yang berhubungan dengan gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Panduan Gizi Seimbang Berbasis Pangan Lokal (PGS-PL) berdasarkan pola makan masyarakat Minangkabau, dalam rangka perbaikan asupan gizi pada wanita usia subur (WUS) penderita dislipidemia. Selanjutnya pada tahap intervensi, dilihat efek promosi PGS-PL terhadap perubahan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, status gizi dan profil lipid pada WUS Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia.

METODE: Studi tahap pertama menggunakan disain potong lintang, melibatkan 74 WUS suku Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia. Berdasarkan pola makan setempat, identifikasi problem nutrient dan penyusunan PGS-PL dilakukan dengan pendekatan Linear programming, menggunakan tiga dari empat modul pada software Optifood yang dikembangkan oleh WHO. Pada tahap ke dua dilakukan studi intervensi komunitas menggunakan disain pengukuran sebelum dan sesudah dengan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian ditempatkan secara acak yang dikluster ke dalam kelompok PGS-PL (mendapatkan promosi PGS-PL selama 12-minggu) atau kelompok non-PGS-PL (mendapatkan satu kali konsultasi gizi dari pelayanan kesehatan tingkat dasar). Sebanyak 102 WUS (48 pada kelompok PGS-PL dan 54 pada kelompok non-PGSPL) selama 12 minggu. Pada akhir studi, analisis perbedaan antar- dan inter kelompok perlakuan dilakukan untuk melihat perubahan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, status gizi dan profil lipid darah (kadar kolesterol total, Lipoprotein densitas rendah, Lipoprotein densitas tinggi, dan Trigliserid).

HASIL: Berdasarkan pola makan setempat, ditemukan bahwa asam lemak tidak jenuh (polyunsaturated fatty acid/PUFA, n-3, n-6), serat makanan, zat besi, dan seng merupakan problem nutrient pada WUS suku Minangkabau dengan dislipidemia. PGS-PL yang disusun menekankan penggabungan bahan makanan, kelompok atau sub-kelompok bahan makanan bernilai gizi tinggi yang tersedia secara lokal, untuk meningkatkan asupan problem nutrient tersebut. Promosi PGS-PL dapat meningkatkan skor praktik diet secara bermakna. Peningkatan terutama terjadi pada konsumsi makanan dan sub-kelompok makanan yang dipromosikan (ikan laut, unggas, produk kedelai seperti tahu dan tempe, total sayuran, sayuran hijau, buah-buahan, dan kentang). Tidak ada perubahan bermakna pada konsumsi makanan pokok, makanan selingan, telur, dan makanan yang digoreng pada akhir intervensi. Pengaruh promosi PGS-PL pada asupan zat gizi dapat dilihat pada perubahan yang bermakna pada asupan energi dan karbohidrat, persentase energi dari PUFA dan monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), serta rasio PUFA terhadap asam lemak jenuh (saturated fatty acids/SAFA) dalam makanan sehari-hari. Namun, asupan lemak jenuh tidak berubah signifikan. Terdapat perbaikan yang bermakna pada berat badan, indeks massa tubuh, dan lingkar pinggang, namun tidak bermakna terhadap penurunan prevalensi obesitas. Tidak terdapat perubahan profil lipid darah yang bermakna setelah intervensi.

KESIMPULAN: Pendekatan linier programming dapat digunakan dalam menyusun PGS-PL untuk meningkatkan praktik diet dan asupan problem nutrient pada WUS dengan dislipidemia. Promosi PGS-PL secara bermakna berdampak terhadap peningkatan praktik diet, asupan zat gizi, dan status gizi, tetapi belum berpengaruh secara statistik terhadap perbaikan profil lipid WUS dengan dislipidemia.

---

BACKGROUND: Given the impact of unfavorable dietary practices is on inadequate nutrient intake and nutrition-related chronic diseases, we sought the problem nutrient in the community habitual dietary practices, and developed an optimized food-based recommendation (FBR) for Minangkabau women of reproductive age (WoRA) with dyslipidemia. Although the effect of the FBR promotion seemed to be potential at planning phase, but this has not been tested in the community setting. Therefore, we conducted a community trial and explored the effect of FBR promotion using locally available foods on dietary practice, nutrient intakes, nutritional status and lipid profile among Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia.

METHODS: The first stage of the study was a cross-sectional study, which involved 74 Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. Linear programming analysis using three modules of the WHO Optifood software was employed to identify problem nutrients and develop an optimized FBR. The second phase of the study was a community-based trials using pre-post with control group design. The subjects were cluster randomized into either FBR group (receiving 12-weeks of FBR promotion) or non-FBR group (receiving once standard nutritional counseling from primary health care program). At the end, 102 WoRA (48 and 54 WoRA in the FBR group and the non-FBR group, respectively) completed 12-weeks of intervention. We analyzed within- and between group differences on changes of dietary practices, nutrient intakes, nutritional status and lipid profile (serum Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein, High-Density Lipoprotein and Triglyceride levels) at the completion of the study.

RESULTS: Our results identified PUFA, dietary fiber, iron, and zinc as problem nutrients among Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. The final food-based recommendations emphasized the incorporation of locally available nutrient-dense foods, food groups, and sub-groups that would improve the intake of the identified problem nutrients. The FBRs promotion significantly increased the overall dietary compliance. An increase was predominantly occurred on the consumption of promoted and subgroups food items (sea fish, poultry, soybean products, total vegetables, dark green leafy vegetables, fruits, and potato). There were no significant changes in the consumption of staple food, snacks, eggs, and fatty foods at the end of intervention.  Effect of FBR promotion on nutrient intake was observed through the significant changes in energy and carbohydrate intakes, percentage of energy from PUFA and MUFA, as well as PUFA to SAFA ratio in daily diet. However, intake of saturated fat remained unchanged. Marginal but significant improvements were observed in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, but the prevalence of obesity was relatively not affected. There were no significant changes of blood lipid profile at the end of intervention.

CONCLUSIONS: Linear programming approach could be potentially used to develop an optimized food-based recommendation based on the identified problem nutrients and locally available nutrient dense foods. The FBRs promotion produced significant improvement in dietary practice, nutrient intakes, and nutritional status, but did not statistically affect blood lipid profile of Minangkabau WoRA with dyslipidemia. 

"