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"Seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan pendapatan per kapita penduduk Indonesia, kebutuhan akan hasil-hasil peternakan juga meningkat. Sektor agribisnis peternakan mengalami perkembangan yang pesat. Pola Inti-Plasma merupakan salah satu bentuk kemitraan yang diterapkan di sektor peternakan, termasuk dalam budidaya peternakan ayam. Penggunaan Pola Inti-Plasma semakin menguat setelah krisis yang melanda Indonesia pada kurun waktu 1997-1998 yang juga telah memukul sektor peternakan. Hal ini merupakan manifestasi dari adanya kehendak dari para peternak untuk mencari rasa aman dari fluktuasi harga meskipun keuntungan yang diperoleh relatif lebih sedikit. Perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan yang dibuat antara perusahaan inti dengan peternak plasma harus mengacu pada aspek-aspek hukum perjanjian, baik asas-asas hukum perjanjian, syarat sahnya perjanjian, bagian-bagian atau unsur-unsur perjanjian, serta bentuk perjanjian. Dari studi kasus ini diketahui bahwa perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan pada budidaya peternakan ayam yang diterapkan di PT. CAS telah memenuhi asas konsensualisme, asas kekuatan mengikat, asas kebebasan berkontrak, serta syarat sahnya terbentuknya perjanjian. Demikian juga dengan bentuk atau anatomi perjanjian telah memadai. Namun demikian, perjanjian kerjasama kemitraan tersebut belum sepenuhnya memenuhi asas keseimbangan dan asas itikad baik. Guna memenuhi kedua asas tersebut, diperlukan keterlibatan pemerintah dalam memberikan bimbingan dan bantuan teknis kepada peternak dan menetapkan mekanisme arbitrase untuk menyelesaikan konflik antara perusahaan inti dengan peternak plasma. Selain itu, diperlukan juga keyakinan perusahaan inti untuk menerapkan jaminan kepada peternak plasma.

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Along with the increasing of numbers and income per capita of Indonesia's population, the need for the livestock’s product is also increases. Livestock agribusiness sector experienced rapid development. The Pattern of Nucleus-Plasma is one of form of partnership that is also applied in the livestock sector, including in chicken farming. The Pattern of Nucleus-Plasma increasingly used after the crisis that hit Indonesia in the period of 1997-1998, that had also strike the livestock sector. This is a manifestation of the willingness of chicken farmers to seek security from price fluctuations despite the benefits are relatively few. Partnership Agreement made between the nucleus-company and plasma-farmers should refer to the legal aspects of the agreement, namely the principles of contract law, the validity requirements of the agreement, the parts or elements of the agreement, and the form of agreement. From the case study, it is found that the partnership agreement on chicken farming applied in PT. CAS has fulfilled the principle of consensus, the principle of the binding force, the principle of freedom of contract, as well as the validity requirements of the agreement. Likewise, the form or anatomy of agreement is adequate. However, the partnership agreement does not fully comply with the principle of balance and the principle of good faith. To meet the last both principles of contract law, it is necessary for government to involve in providing guidance and technical assistance to farmers, and establish an arbitration mechanism to resolve the conflict between the nucleuscompany and plasma-farmers. In addition, the nucleus-company should confidence to require a warranty to plasma-farmers."

"Prompted by poor performance of most state-owned enterprises, the Indonesian government has made the partnership between state-owned and private firms as one of its `strategic' steps. However, partnership between business entities from different institutional backgrounds can cause uneasy relationship stemming from different characters and imbalanced position between partners. In the Indonesian context, partnerships between state and private firms show imbalance in which the former enjoy more prestige and power than the later. Dependency is reflected in the obligation of spending some cost by private companies, some of which become additional income or rent to the executives of state firms.

The case study looks at the joint-operation in sugar production for the milling season of 2001-2002 between the state-owned PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIV (PTPN XIV) and the privately owned PT Kalpataru Semesta (PTKS). During the course of the joint-operation, relations between two partners have demonstrated lack of transparency and growing distrust. Complexities have intensified because of a persistent competition between key actors, namely president directors of the respective firms, in an attempt to show that each was more powerful than the other.

This research tries to answer four questions. First, how is partnership between PTPN XIV and PTKS possible? Second, why are differences between both partners so wide and very difficult to reconcile? Third, how are the relationships between actors during the implementation of the partnership? Fourth, how do partners eventually agree on the termination of their joint-operation? In brief, this study attempts to reveal various processes, networks, and structures that affect the partnership. Due to his position as a member of the Monitoring Team of the joint-operation project, the researcher chooses to apply participant observation as the main method of data collection. Informal talks and interviews with other actors and informants also contribute to the process.

This study takes into consideration three theoretical perspectives, namely Exchange, Exchange-Network, and Governance theories, but all lack of comprehension in describing the overall structures and processes behind the partnership. This has led to the formulation of a combination of relevant ideas and aspects of those theories by utilizing concepts and ideas of the dramaturgical and social capital perspectives. This attempt has resulted in the emergence of a pair of exchange network models of key actors; and a matrix of all relevant actors and elements.

This research finds that in contrast to widespread practices in Indonesia, state firms are not permanently stronger than their private counterparts. The relative position between PTPN XIV and PTKS demonstrates a dynamic imbalance in the sense that either the state-owned or private firms may hold dominance over the other. In the initiation phase, the private partner gains strong position over the state-owned partner. During the implementation of the partnership, both demonstrate dominance interchangeably depending on the specific circumstances. At the final phase, the state-owned firm shows its strength and the private company has to accept that it is dependent on its state-owned counterpart.

In general, the partnership between PTPN XIV and PTKS reflects a success and a failure simultaneously. It has succeeded in salvaging the ill-fated state-owned firm, or serving public interest, but at the same time it fails in delivering satisfactory profit to private partner. In addition to its failure, the project proves that a governance arrangement fails to perform well under a distrustful relationship between partners as a result of mysterious behavior of the PTPN XIV president director. However the involvement of a state official has served two functions; first, help make partnership possible in the first place, second, create a forum through which partners meet to discuss differences.

The study recommends that state officials should . take a more active role in managing tensions and reducing unnecessary differences between partners. State-owned enterprises should be encouraged to open up their data and predictions that are highly relevant to the joint-project. This will help create trust and norm of mutual benefit between partners. Private companies, despite their strong position, should be well-prepared prior to entering into an agreement with state firms. They should obtain sufficient knowledge especially on the calculation methods of production costs and the familiarity with key actors from the other side in the partnership."

"Perkembangan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) di beberapa negara memiliki peranan yang penting dan merupakan penggerak roda perekonomian. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan oleh UMKM dalam meningkatkan peranannya dalam bidang ekonomi adalah melalui hubungan kerjasama dengan Usaha Besar melalui mekanisme kemitraan. Dalam hubungan kemitraan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah menghadapi persaingan yang tidak sebanding diantara Usaha Besar dan UMKM akibat skala usaha yang lebih kecil dan posisi tawar yang lemah. Dalam rangka meningkatkan posisi tawar dari UMKM, terbentuknya struktur pasar yang menjamin tumbuhnya persaingan usaha yang sehat dan melindungi konsumen serta mencegah terjadinya penguasaan pasar oleh orang perorangan atau kelompok tertentu yang merugikan UMKM maka diterbitkan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 17 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 Tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Dan Menengah berdasarkan ketentuan perundang-undangan tersebut pelaksanaan kemitraan perlu diawasi secara tertib dan teratur oleh lembaga yang dibentuk dan bertugas untuk mengawasi persaingan usaha yaitu Komisi pengawas persaingan Usaha (KPPU). Amanat pengawasan pelaksanaan kemitraan melahirkan tugas dan kewenangan baru kepada KPPU untuk menjaga iklim usaha dan persaingan yang sehat khususnya dalam pelaksanaan kemitraan di Indonesia.

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The development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in some countries have an important role and is driving the economy. One effort that can be made by SMEs in enhancing its role in the economy is through partnerships with large company through a partnership mechanism. In a partnership relationship Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises face competition not comparable between Large Enterprises and SMEs due to the smaller scale enterprises and weak bargaining position. In order to improve the bargaining position of SMEs, the formation of market structure that ensures the growth of fair competition and protect consumers and prevent market domination by an individual or group that is detrimental to SMEs then passed Law No. 20 of 2008 on Micro, Small and medium and Government Regulation No. 17 of 2013 on the Implementation of Law No. 20 of 2008 on Micro, Small, and medium Enterprises under the provisions of the legislation implementing the partnership needs to be monitored in an orderly and organized by the institution established and tasked to oversee the Commission For Supervison Of Business Competition (KPPU). Supervision of the implementation of the mandate of the partnership spawned new duties and powers to the Commission to keep the business climate and fair competition, especially in the implementation of partnership in Indonesia."

"Seluruh perusahaan membutuhkan faktor produksi, termasuk tenaga kerja danbahan baku untuk menyediakan produk dan jasa kepada pelanggan mereka. Bahan baku pada umumnya diperoleh dari supplier, sedangkan tenaga kerja dan jasa lainnya dapat diperoleh dari internal perusahaan atau aktivitas outsourcing. Secara khusus, tujuan penelitian ini merupakan pengembangan dari penelitian yang telah ada dengan mengkaji pengaruh supplier selection terhadap partnership quality kemitraan dan supplier selection pada success of buyer-supplier relationship SBSR dan firm performance pada UKM restoran di Jakarta, Bogor dan Depok. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan metode survei denganmen distribusikan kuesioner kepada 96 responden yang merupakan pemilik/manajer restoran UKM di ketiga daerah tersebut, dan analisis hasil survei dilakukan dengan menggunakan partial least square structural equation model PLS SEM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa supplier selection berpengaruh terhadap partnership quality dan SBSR, sedangkan partnership quality tidak berpengaruh terhadap SBSR serta SBSR berpengaruh terhadap firm performance.

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All companies require all factors of production, including labor and raw materials, to provide goods and services to their customers. The raw materials are usually obtained from the suppliers, while labor and other services can be managed in house or obtained through outsourcing activities. Specifically, the objective of this research is to explore an existing model by assessing the influence of supplier selection on partnership quality, partnership quality and supplier selection on the success of buyer supplier relationship SBSR and firm performance of small medium restaurants in Jakarta, Bogor and Depok. A questionnaire is developed and distributed through a field survey to 96 respondents who are restaurant sowner manager in the aforementioned areas. Partial least square structural equation model PLS SEM is used to analize survey result. The research result shows that supplier selection has effect on partnership quality and SBSR, while partnership quality does not affect on SBSR, and SBSR has effect on firm performance."

"Pelayanan kesehatan dapat berupa kemudahan dalam melakukan pembayaran atau bertransaksi di rumah sakit, dimana pihak rumah sakit telah bekerja sama dengan pihak ketiga yaitu seperti perusahaan asuransi, rumah sakit, yayasan serta dinas kesehatan. Maka dari itu bagian pemasaran RSCM merupakan kekuatan yang mempunyai peranan penting dalam segala kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan pelayanan pelanggan. Untuk mengimplementasikannya maka bagian pemasaran haruslah mempunyai program yang dapat mewujudkan kekuatan tersebut salah satunya yaitu bekerjasama dengan pihak ketiga. Kegiatan ini ditujukan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan kepada pasien yang sedang berjalan dan menjalin hubungan erat antara penjamin seperti rumah sakit, yayasan, perusahaan asuransi dan dinas kesehatan, di RSCM kegiatan ini disebut dengan Ikatan Kerjasama (IKS). Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh masih banyak pihak yang belum mencapai kesepakatan didalam pelaksanaan IKS ini, maka dari itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran input, proses dan output dalam pelaksanaan IKS bagian pemasaran RSCM dengan pihak ketiga di tahun 2012. Jenis penelitian adalah kualitatif deskriptif, dimana peneliti ingin mendapatkan gambaran pelaksanaan IKS dengan wawancara mendalam serta didukung dengan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukan gambaran input belum optimalnya kuantitas pegawai dengan kualitas pekerjaan yang ada, didalam gambaran proses negosiasi untuk mencapai kesepakatan tersebut kedua belah pihak harus bisa saling menyesuaikan satu dengan yang lainya, dimana RSCM tidak menerima cost sharing dalam IKS dan pada gambaran outputnya data hasil monitoring masih banyak pihak ketiga belum difollow up padahal kontrak IKS sudah habis masa berlakunya. Untuk evaluasi bagi yang ingin memperpanjang kontrak IKS, beberapa pihak ketiga juga harus menyelesaikan kewajibanya dahulu seperti hutang piutang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka peneliti menyarankan ada penambahan pegawai dibagian pemasaran agar pekerjaan menjadi lebih optimal, segera memfollow up pihak yang sudah habis masa berlakunyaagar dapat mengetahui pihak ketiga yang ingin memperpanjang kontrak IKS nya kembali.

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Health services may be the ease in making payments or transactions in the hospital, where the hospital has been working with third parties such as insurance companies, namely, hospitals, foundations, and public health .. Therefore the marketing RSCM is a force that has an important role in all activities related to customer service. To implement the marketing department must have a program that can realize the power of the one that is working with a third party. This activity is intended to improve services to patients and ongoing close relationship between the guarantor such as hospitals, foundations, insurance companies and the health department, in RSCM activities called Cooperation Institute (IKS).

Research background by many parties have not reached an agreement in implementing this IKS, therefore this study aims to see the picture of input, process and output in the implementation of the marketing IKS RSCM with third parties in 2012. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive, where researchers want to get an overview of the implementation of IKS and supported by in-depth interviews with document review.

The results showed picture yet optimal input quantity with quality employees who work there, in the description of the process of negotiation to reach agreement both parties must be mutually adjust to each other, which did not receive a cost-sharing RSCM in IKS and output image data of monitoring there are many third parties have not been followed up IKS contract when it expires. For the evaluation of those who want to extend the contract IKS, some third party must also complete the obligations were as accounts payable. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends the addition of personnel marketing section in order to work more optimally, immediately follow up parties expired berlakunyaagar can find a third party who wants to extend his contract again IKS."

"Dalam melakukan suatu usaha harus menerapkan prinsip-prinsip persaingan usaha sehat seperti yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat yaitu tidak melakukan monopoli, monopsoni, penguasaan pasar dan sebagainya. Tetapi dalam Pasal 50a menyatakan bahwa 'ketentuan dalam undang-undang ini dapat dikecualikan apabila perbuatan dan/atau perjanjian tersebut bertujuan melaksanakan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku'. Apabila perbuatan dan/atau perjanjian yang dimaksud tersebut merupakan suatu perbuatan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan usaha dalam hal umum maka ketentuan tersebut tidak menjadi masalah, tetapi apabila perbuatan dan/atau perjanjian tersebut merupakan melakukan suatu kegiatan usaha dalam bidang kemitraan maka hal tersebut akan menyebabkan suatu masalah yaitu terjadinya pertentangan antara Pasal 50a Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 Tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah. Pada Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 menyatakan bahwa 'Kemitraan adalah kerjasama dalam keterkaitan usaha, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, atas dasar prinsip saling memerlukan, mempercayai, memperkuat, dan menguntungkan'. Sehingga berdasarkan hal tersebut dalam tesis ini akan dibahas mengenai perjanjian kemitraan inti plasma di Indonesia, kesesuaian perjanjian kemitraan dengan prinsip-prinsip persaingan usaha sehat, dan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan kemitraan sektor perkebunan.

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In performing an business must apply the principles business competition healthy as regulated in the law number 5 years 1999 on prohibition of monopoly and unfair business competition that is they did not do monopoly, as having only one buyer, mastery market and so on. But in article 50a stated that 'a provision in a law this could be exempted when deeds and / or agreement was aimed to implement laws and regulations'. When deeds and / or agreement referred to this is a deed to perform a business activities in terms of common so this regulation was not be a problem, but when deeds and / or agreement was done a business activities in the field of partnership so that this will cause a problem that is the difference between article 50a the act of number 5 years 1999 on prohibition of monopoly and unfair business competition with act number 20 years 2008 on micro business, small and medium. On bill number 20 years 2008 stated that 'partnership is cooperation in entanglement business, either directly or indirectly, based on the principle need each other, trust, strengthen, and profitable'. So based on such statement in this will be discussed in the partnership agreements the nucleus plasma in Indonesia, conformity partnership agreements with the principles business competition healthy, and supervision with the implementation of the partnership the agricultural sector."