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"The main objective of this research was to study the marine bacteriology of the coast of North Sulawesi. The study wasaccomplished by calculating the abundance of coliform, heterotrophic, and pathogenic bacteria, and analyzing thecoexistence relationship between bacteria and phytoplanktons. This research, which included the sampling andlaboratory works, has been carried out on 25 – 28 October, 2000. The results suggested that the abundance of eachbacteria was as follows: coliform bacteria range between 227-5940 cfu/100 ml with averages 1814.1 cfu/100 ml, foundin all stations; heterotrophic bacteria range between (1-82) x 103 cfu/ml with averages 12.1 x 103 cfu/ml, it was highdensity and has association with phytoplankton Trichodesmium thieubautii. It was also found 6 species of pathogenbacteria e.g. Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Yersinia and Shigella. The presence of coliform andpathogen bacteria was indicator of low quality of the seawater in the sampling area. Based on bacteriological study, theNorth Sulawesi Coastal is not suitable for aquaculture and need treatment and controlled for further coastal exploitation."

"Many microorganisms capable of degrading petroleum components have been isolated and few of the seem to be important for petroleum biodegradation in natural environments...."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan memperoleh identitas dua isolat bakteri termofilik dari geiser. Isolat LC2-23 diperoleh dari serasah pada geiser di Cisolok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, dan isolat RKB-2 diperoleh dari serasah pada geiser di Onikobe, Miyagi, Jepang.!!Identifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan gabungan data fenotipik dan genotipik. Berdasarkan karakterisasi fenotipik, isolat LC2-23 memiliki sel berbentuk batang; menghasilkan endospora; motil; gram positif; bersifat aerob dan fakultatif aerob; mampu tumbuh pada suhu 60 oC, sedangkan suhu optimum pertumbuhan 50 oC. Berdasarkan karakterisasi genotipik, data full sequence gen 16S rRNA isolat LC2-23 memiliki homologi 99,1% terhadap Brevibacillus agri. Berdasarkan data fenotipik dan genotipik, isolat LC2-23 diidentifikasi sebagai Brevibacillus agri (Family Paenibacillaceae, Order Bacillales, Class Bacilli, Phylum Firmicutes). Berdasarkan karakterisasi fenotipik, isolat RKB-2 membentuk miselium vegetatif dan aerial yang bercabang; menghasilkan spora aerial; gram positif; bersifat aerob; mampu tumbuh pada suhu 60 oC, sedangkan suhu optimum pertumbuhan 50 oC. Berdasarkan karakterisasi genotipik, data full sequence gen 16S rRNA isolat RKB-2 memiliki homologi yang rendah, yaitu 98,4% terhadap spesies terdekatnya, Thermosporothrix hazakensis (Family Thermosporotrichaceae, Order Ktedonobacteriales, Class Ktedonobacteria, Phylum Chloroflexi). Hasil analisis filogenetik menunjukkan posisi isolat RKB-2 terpisah dari T. hazakensis. Data kemotaksonomi (komposisi asam lemak) dan hasil analisis proteomik menggunakan MALDI-TOF MS mendukung perbedaan antara isolat RKB-2 dan T. hazakensis. Berdasarkan perbedaan tersebut isolat RKB-2 diidentifikasi sebagai spesies baru dari Thermosporothrix. Untuk pengajuan nama spesies baru diperlukan data hibridisasi DNA-DNA antara isolat RKB-2 dengan T. hazakensis.

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This research was aimed to identify two bacterial isolates obtained from geysers. Strain LC2-23 was isolated from litters on a geyser in Cisolok, West Java, Indonesia, and isolate RKB-2 was obtained from litters on a geyser in Onikobe, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Identification of bacteria was based on integrated data of phenotypic and genotypic characterizations. Based on phenotypic characterizations of isolate LC2-23: it has a rod (bacilli)-shaped cells, forms endospores; gram positive; motile; aerobic, and able to grow up to a temperature of 60 oC. Based on genotypic characterizations of isolate LC2-23: the full sequence of genes 16S rRNA shows 99.1% sequence homology to Brevibacillus agri. Based on phenotypic and genotypic data, isolate LC2-23 can be identified as Brevibacillus agri (Family Paenibacillaceae, Order Bacillales, Class Bacilli, Phylum Firmicutes). Based on phenotypic characterizations of isolate RKB-2: vegetative and branching aerial mycelia forms, gram positive, aerobic, and able to grow up to a temperature of 60 oC. Based on genotypic characterizations of isolate RKB-2: the full sequence of 16S rRNA gene of isolate RKB-2 showed low homology (98.4%) to Thermosporothrix hazakensis (Family Thermosporotrichaceae, Order Ktedonobacteriales, Class Ktedonobacteria, Phylum Chloroflexi). Phylogenetic analysis showed the isolate RKB-2 was distinct from cluster of Thermosporothrix hazakensis and Ktedonobacteria bacterium. The genotypic and phylogenetic data, plus chemotaxonomic and proteomic analysis using MALDI-TOF MS, suggest that isolate RKB-2 represent novel species of the genus Thermosporothrix. The DNA-DNA hibridization data is needed for proposal of new species."

"Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan oleozon sebagai bahan antiseptik atau antidermatitis dalam bentuk minyak cair. Berdasarkan mekanisme reaksi Criegee, ozon mengikat asam-asam lemak tak jenuh pada minyak nabati yang secara ekslusif terjadi pada ikatan-ikatan rangkap C=C dalam masing-masing struktur gugus asam lemaknya. Pemilihan minyak zaitun, biji anggur, bunga matahari, dan kedelai adalah ditinjau pada kandungan asam-asam lemak yang cukup tinggi namun memiliki kandungan yang berbeda. Pembuatan oleozon ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan ozonator hasil rancangan sendiri yang dapat beroperasi secara kontinyu selama lebih dari 12 jam. Reaksi ozonasi dikondisikan pada kisaran suhu 15-22ºC selama 42 jam secara bertahap dengan laju alir udara sebesar 180 L/jam dengan konsentrasi ozon yang keluar dari ozonator sebesar 60 mg/jam. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian efikasi terhadap bakteri menggunakan metode kertas cakram. Sampel minyak akan dikarakterisasi menggunakan metode bilangan iod, bilangan asam, analisis FTIR, dan pH. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keempat minyak nabati memiliki efikasi dalam mendisinfeksi bakteri Stapylococcus aureus. Pada penelitian ini, minyak zaitun dan kedelai memiliki efikasi tertinggi dibandingkan dengan minyak lainnya.

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In this study will performed the synthesis of oleozon as a desinfectant or antidermatitis forming by liquid oil. By using ozone, Criegee mechanism for unsaturated fatty acid in vegetable oils will occurs to breaking down of bonds double C=C contained in structure of fatty acid. The selection of olive oil, grape seed, sunflower and soyabean based on the content of fatty acids that are quite highly and has a different fatty acid. For making ozonated oil is carried out by using design ozonator which can operate during 12 hours. The condition of reaction at temperature range of 15-22ºC for 42 hours gradually with constant air flow rate of 180 L/h with ozone concentration of 60 mg/hr. The control will be performed by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria effication by paper dishes method. The sample will be characterized and analyzed to see the change of oil after ozonation by using method of acid number, iodin number, FTIR, and pH. From the research, each sample after ozonation process can deactives Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Olive oil and soyabean has higher effectively than other oils."

"Siprofloksasin adalah antibiotika kuinolon generasi ketiga yang dianggap sangat poten membunuh bakteri Gramnegatif dan Gram-positif. Penelitian multisenter telah dilakukan untuk pertama kalinya di Indonesia dengan tujuan melihat potensi Siprofloksasin, yaitu di 12 laboratorium mikrobiologi klinik se-Indonesia: Banda Aceh, Padang, Jakarta Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Solo, Surabaya, Malang, Denpasar dan Manado. Spesimen dari penderita penyakit infeksi yang sudah terseleksi kualitasnya diambil sebagai bahan penelitian. Spesimen tersebut berasal dari darah, cairan tubuh lain, bilasan bronkhus, sputum, usap tenggorok, usap hidung, usap telinga, cairan mata, usap urethra, usap vagina, pus, cairan luka, urin dan feses. Dengan metode cakram antibiotika Siprofloksasin, diperoleh hasil 72-98 % bakteri masih sensitif, sedangkan hanya 61 % dari 22 spesies Acinetobacteri spp. dan 40 % dari 19 spesies Neisseria gonorrhoeae yang masih sensitif. Dengan metode dilusi agar, uji KHM (Konsentrasi Hambat Minimal) menunjukkan 69 ? 98 % bakteri sensitif terhadap Siprofloksasin dan dengan metode E-test antara 78 ? 100 % sensitif. Untuk kuman Acinetobacteri spp. sensitivitasnya berkisar antara 61 ? 70 %, dan untuk Neisseria gonorrhoeae sensitivitasnya antara 89 ? 92 %.

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Invitro activity of . Ciprofloxacin against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from infected patients in Indonesia. Ciprofloxacin the third generation of the quinolone family was claimed very potent against Gram-negative and Grampositive pathogens compared to former generations. The first in-vitro multi centre study has been conducted in Indonesia including 12 clinical microbiology laboratories as follows: Banda Aceh, Padang, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Solo, Surabaya, Malang, Denpasar and Manado. Selected specimens from infected persons were chosen to be included in this study such as from blood, body fluids, bronchial washing, sputum, throat, nose, ear, eye, urethra, vagina, pus, wound, urine and feces. The results of ciprofloxacin disk test technique to all 1457 Gramnegative pathogens showed that between 72 ?98 % were susceptible, while against 22 Acinetobacter sp, only 61 % and againt 19 Neiserria gonorrhoeae only 40 % were susceptible. Results of the agar dilution MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentrtion) test were between 69 ?98 % susceptible and the E test technique were between 78 ? 100 % susceptible, while against the Acinetobacter were between 61 % and 70 % respectively. N. gonorrhoeae strains was susceptible between 89 % and 92 %."

"[Telah dilakukan penelitian deteksi gen alkana monooksigenase (alkB) pada bakteri laut di Perairan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri yang membawa gen alkB dari perairan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan selama 5 bulan sejak bulan Februari 2015 sampai bulan Mei 2015 dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) pada 81 isolat yang telah diremajakan. Isolat bakteri diremajakan menggunakan medium marine agar (MA) dengan metode kuadran streak. Hasil deteksi mendapatkan satu isolat yang membawa gen alkB yaitu isolat nomor 71. Hasil amplifikasi isolat 71 menghasilkan pita DNA dengan ukuran 550 pb. Pita DNA dengan panjang 550 pb merupakan gen alkB. Hasil dari sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa Isolat 71 adalah dari spesies Bordetella sp.;Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp.;Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp., Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp.]"

"[ABSTRAKAlkana merupakan komponen senyawa hidrokarbon terbesar sebanyak 60% penyusun utama minyak bumi. Isolat bakteri potensial pendegradasi alkana telah diisolasi dari daerah perairan tercemar tumpahan minyak di Pulau Pari. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memeroleh isolat dengan kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi alkana. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri dilakukan pada ƛ 600 nm dan analisis degradasi alkana dengan metode GC/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 isolat yang diuji pertumbuhannya dengan menggunakan paraffin oil terdapat 2 isolat mewakili dua tipe kurva pertumbuhan yaitu isolat 97 kelompok I dengan pertumbuhan K(+) rendah (OD < 0,1 pada hari ke-12) dan isolat 19 kelompok II dengan pertumbuhan K(+) tinggi (OD ≥ 0,5 pada hari ke-12). Analisis degradasi alkana menunjukkan penurunan luas area pada isolat 97 dengan kemampuan degradasi docosane (C22H46) paling tinggi sebesar 96,04% dan isolat 19 dengan kemampuan degradasi hexadecane (C16H34) paling tinggi sebesar 61,37%. Identifikasi molekuler menggunakan 16S rRNA menunjukkan isolat 97 sebagai Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica dan isolat 19 sebagai Vibrio alginolyticus.ABSTRACTAlkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.;Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively., Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.]"

"Isolat-isolat actinomycetes laut dari ekosistem bakau Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta dilaporkan dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif dengan aktivitas sebagai antibakteri dan antifungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyeleksi isolat-isolat actinomycetes laut yang berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol berdasarkan aktivitas antagonistik terhadap fungi patogen tanaman Colletotrichum siamense KA, mengevaluasi aktivitas senyawa antifungi, dan menelaah profil isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih. Penapisan isolat dilakukan dengan metode plug dengan penundaan uji hingga 9 hari pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) modifikasi. Hasil penapisan diperoleh 12 isolat actinomyctes laut mampu menghambat pertumbuhan C. siamense KA, dengan persentase hambatan berkisar antara 47,96% hingga 84,94%. Enam dari 12 isolat diuji aktivitas antagonistik menggunakan metode plug dan gores dengan variasi penundaan uji (6, 9, dan 12 hari). Hasil uji aktivitas antagonistik menunjukkan penundaan uji hingga 12 hari memiliki persentase hambatan pertumbuhan tertinggi hingga 84,16% (metode plug) dan 85,91% (metode gores). Uji antagonistik dengan penundaan (3 dan 5 hari) serta tanpa penundaan menggunakan metode plug menunjukkan dua isolat (SM11 dan SM15) memiliki peningkatan persentase hambatan pertumbuhan hingga 57,99% (SM11) dan 59,88% (SM15). Aktivitas antifungi tiga isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih (SM11, SM14, dan SM15) diuji menggunakan uji antibiosis pada medium Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) modifikasi. Fermentasi untuk memproduksi senyawa antifungi dilakukan selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan isolat SM14 memiliki aktivitas antifungi tertinggi pada hari ke-12 dengan persentase hambatan 64,90%. Tiga isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih memiliki karakter morfologi dan biokimia yang serupa. Identifikasi molekular ketiga isolat tersebut menunjukkan hubungan dekat dengan Streptomyces sanyensis dengan persentase kemiripan hingga 99,66%.

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Marine actinomycetes isolates from mangrove ecosystem Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta have been reported produce bioactive compound with antibacterial and antifungal activity. The aims of this research were to select potential marine actinomycetes isolates as biocontrol agent based on antagonistic activity against fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum siamense KA, evaluate antifungal activity, and analyze profile of selected marine actinomycetes isolates. Screening of isolates was performed using plug method with delayed antagonist assay for 9 days on modified Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The result of screening displayed that 12 marine actinomycetes isolates can inhibit the growth of C. siamense KA, with percentage inhibition from 47.96% to 84.94%. Among 12 isolates, six isolates have been subjected for antagonistic assay using plug and streak method with various delayed assay (6, 9, and 12 days). The result presented delayed antagonist assay until 12 days has higher percentage inhibition up to 84.16% (plug method) and 85.91% (streak method). The antagonistic assay using delayed assay (3 and 5 days) and non-delayed assay using plug method presented two isolates (SM11 and SM15) showed increasing percentage inhibition up to 57.99% (SM11) and 59.88% (SM15). Antifungal activity of selected isolates (SM11, SM14, and SM15) was assayed using antibiosis assay in modified Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium. Fermentation for producing antifungal compound was performed for 6, 9, and 12 days. The result of antibiosis assay showed SM14 isolate has higher antifungal activity at 12 days incubation with percentage inhibition was 64.90%. The three marine actinomycetes isolates have similar morphological and biochemical characters. Molecular identification of three isolates showed that the isolates were closely related to Streptomyces sanyensis with 99.66% percent similarity."

"Heterotopia, sebuah konsep oleh Michel Foucault digambarkan sebagai ruang yang berbeda dan menciptakan ruang ilusi di dalam ruang nyata. Istilah heterotopia sering digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan sesuatu yang mengganggu atau tidak cocok dengan lingkungan disekitarnya. Karakteristik heterotopia dapat ditemukan pada speakeasy. Speakeasy atau perusahaan minuman ilegal tersebar luas selama Prohibition Era pada 1920-an di Amerika Serikat. Karena pemerintah Amerika Serikat melarang konsumsi, produksi, dan distribusi alkohol, sifat underground dari speakeasy menciptakan lingkungan baru bagi orang bersosialisasi. Tidak ada identifikasi tempat-tempat ini, hanya mengandalkan informasi dari mulut ke mulut untuk mendapatkan popularitas mereka. Ojs Tavern di Bandung adalah salah satu contoh penerapan heterotopia yang diungkapkan oleh Foucault. Makalah ini membahas bagaimana heterotopia dapat terbentuk pada speakeasy melalui wawancara dan observasi data.

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Heterotopia, a concept by Michel Foucault is described as a space that is different' and create an illusion space inside a real space. The term heterotopia often used to illustrate disturbance in the surrounding environment. The characteristic of Heterotopia can be found in speakeasy. Speakeasies or illegal drinking establishments were widespread during the Prohibition Era back in the 1920s in the United States of America. Since the US government banned the consumption, manufacture, and distribution of alcohol, the underground nature of the speakeasy created a new environment for people to drink and socialize. There is no identification of these places, solely relying on word of mouth to gain their popularity. Ojs Tavern in Bandung is an example of the displacement expressed by Foucault. This paper examines how heterotopia can be formed in a speakeasy bar, and the social constraints occur from the existence of a speakeasy bar in an urban settlement through interviews and data observations."

"Studi keragaman genetik dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan bakteri asam laktat indigenos Indonesia yang memiliki kemampuan resistansi terhadap chloramphenicol dan erythromycin. Hasil uji resistansi menunjukkan bahwa isolat DH1, DH7, dan S34 resistan terhadap chloramphenicol (5 μg/ml), sedangkan isolat T8 resistan terhadap erythromycin (15 μg/ml). Isolat D2, S23, dan T8 diketahui resistan terhadap kombinasi chloramphenicol dan erythromycin (1 μg/ml).Analisis BLAST menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri asam laktat terdiri atas Lactobacillus plantarum, L. fermentum, Pediococcus acidilactici, dan P. pentosaceus. Analisis pohon filogenetik diketahui bahwa isolat D2, S12, S34, T3, dan T8 memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat dengan L. plantarum. Isolat R31 dan DH1 memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat dengan L. fermentum. Isolat LK14, S23, R24, DH7,DS13, GR3, HB3 memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat dengan genus Pediococcus.

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Study on genetic diversity was useful to determine the kinship of Indigenous Indonesia lactic acid bacteria which have the capability of resistance to chloramphenicol and erythromycin. The resistance test showed isolates DH1, DH7, and S34 that were resistant to chloramphenicol (5 μg/ml), whereas T8 was resistant to erythromycin (15 μg/ml). Isolates D2, S23, and T8 were remain resistant to the combination of chloramphenicol and erythromycin (1 μg/ml).

The results of BLAST analysis showed that there were four different species of lactic acid bacteria, such as Lactobacillus plantarum, L. fermentum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and P. pentosaceus. The results of phylogenetic trees analysis showed that isolates D2, S12, S34, T3, and T8 have a close kinship with L. plantarum, whereas isolates R31 and DH1 have a close kinship with L. fermentum. Moreover, isolates LK14, S23, R24, DH7, DS13, GR3, HB3 have a close kinship to the genus Pediococcus."