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"Amerika Seriitat telah menjadi pemeran utama dalamindustri kayu. Kondisi tersebut telah menjadi beban bagipemerintah Amerika Serikat oleh karena meningkatanyatekanan dari para ahii di bidang lingkungan, yang lebihmendukung dilaksanakannya reboisasi dibandingkandeboisasi. Pergeseran peran dari pengekspor kayuutama menjadi pengimpor kayu, telah menyebabkanpasar nasional Amerika Serikat mengalami kerugian,seperti meningkatnya harga produk kayu. Konflik antaraAmerika Serikat dengan Kanada berkaitan denganpraduk kayu telah menarik banyak perhatian dari parastakeholder, dan telah membuat Pemerintahan Bushmeresmikan saatu kebijakan perkayuan yang didalamnya diatur mengenai pembaukaan hutan kembaiidan program hutan sehat. Artikel ini mencoba menbahasmengenai situasi seputar kebijakan Amerika Serikatmengenai praduksi kayu."

"Pembangunan hutan tanaman industri di lahan gambut diperlukan strategi pemanenan yang efektif dan produktif hal ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produksi yang optimal dan tidak menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan. Setiap kegiatan pemanenan kayu diperlukan peralatan baik manual, semi mekanis maupun mekanis, yang pada intinya dapat meningkatkan pasokan kayu bundar dan bahan baku serpih. Melakukan kegiatan pemanenan kayu hasil hutan tanaman industri di area gambut memiliki tantangan yang besar dikarenakan daya dukung tanah gambut 0,26 kg/cm bila menggunakan unit alat berat excavator maka unit tersebut harus lebih ringan atau sama dengan daya dukung tanah gambut. PC135F-10M0 telah memenuhi syarat bekerja di area gambut karena memiliki daya tekan unit 0,26 kg/cm2 sama dengan daya dukung tanah gambut, yang disempurnakan dengan metode tarik panjang (B-tree length) memberikan hasil produksi tinggi yaitu meningkat menjadi 4,84 ton/jam dari 2,58 ton/jam bila dibandingkan menggunakan tarik pendek. Penggunaaan bahan bakar PC135F-10M0 menggunakan B-tree length sekitar 11,9 liter/jam bila dibandingkan dengan menggunakan tarik pendek 11,8 liter/jam.Metode B-tree length menjadi soulsi mengurangi limbah, hal ini dapat terjadi dikarenakan kayu dengan diameter 5 cm sampai dengan 10 cm (banyak terbuang di area pemanenan saat menggunakan metode tarik pendek) masih dapat termanfaatkan, kuncinya saat mengeluarkan kayu dalam bentuk utuh ke TPn (tempat penumpukan sementara) dalam jumlah besar dalam satu waktu sehingga mampu mengurangi aktivitas travelling berulang yang akan mempengaruhi biaya produksi lebih efisien. Menggunakan metode B-tree length lebih produktif, jumlah unit yang digunakan untuk produksi 5 unit dan biaya proses pemanenan hasil hutan Rp. 72.952, 35/ton bila dibandingkan dengan biaya produksi menggunakan tarik pendek jumlah unit yang di perlukan untuk produksi 9 unit biaya operasional lebih mahal Rp. 97.067,84/ton. Dalam kajian metode B-tree length aspek-aspek keinsinyuran telah diterapkan sebaik mungkin baik dari sisi kompetensi professional, prinsip dasar kode etik serta keamanan, keselamatan, kesehatan, dan lingkungan Hidup (K3L).

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The development of industrial plantation forests on peatlands requires an effective and productive harvesting strategy that aims to produce optimal production and not cause environmental damage. Each timber harvesting activity requires both manual and semi-mechanical equipment, which in essence can increase the supply of round wood and chip raw materials. Operational out timber harvesting activities from industrial forest plantations in peat areas is a big challenge because the bearing capacity of peat soil is 0.26 kg/cm. When using a heavy excavator unit, the unit must be lighter or equal to the bearing capacity of peat soil. PC135F-10M0 has fulfilled the requirements for working in peat areas because it has a unit ground pressure of 0.26 kg/cm2, which is the same as the bearing capacity of peat soil. This is enhanced by the long pull method (B-tree length), which gives high production yields, which increase to 4.84 ton/hour from 2.58 ton/hour when compared to using cut to length method. The use of PC135F-10M0 fuel uses a B-tree length of around 11.9 litres/hour when compared to using a short drag of 11.8 litres/hour.

The B-tree length method is the solution to reducing waste. This can happen because wood with a diameter of 5 cm to 10 cm (a lot of it is wasted in the harvesting area when using the cut to length method) can still be utilized. The key is removing the wood in its intact form to the TPn (temporary storage places) in large quantities at one time to reduce repeated travelling activities, which will affect production costs more efficiently. Using the B-tree length method is more productive, the number of units used for production is 5 units, and the cost of harvesting forest products is Rp. 72,952.35/ton. When compared to production costs using the cut to length method, the number of units needed to produce 9 units of operational costs is Rp. 97,067.84/ton. In the study of the B-tree length method, engineering aspects have been applied as well as possible in terms of professional competence, the basic principles of a code of ethics, security, safety, health, and the environment (K3L)."

"Pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Soeharto pengelolaan sumber daya hutan berlangsung dengan pembangunan nasional dan pertumbuhan ekonomi sebagai kerangka utama. Sementara itu, masyarakat yang tinggal di dalam atau sekitar hutan memanfaatkan berbagai sumber daya hutan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup mereka sehari-hari. Persinggungan antara kedua hal tersebut memicu sebuah pertanyaan terkait bagaimana praktik mata pencaharian lokal berlangsung di Kampung Sangar pada saat itu. Melalui metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi, skripsi ini menunjukkan bahwa berbagai bentuk pengelolaan hutan di sekitar Kampung Sangar berdampak signifikan terhadap mata pencaharian lokal baik yang bersumber secara langsung dari ekosistem hutan maupun yang tidak. Lebih jauh, mata pencaharian lokal di Kampung Sangar secara dominan dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor determinasi eksternal seperti kebijakan negara, perubahan lingkungan ekologi, dan permintaan terhadap produk hasil hutan dari masyarakat sekitar.

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During the New Order of President Soeharto the management of forest resources occurred with national development and economic growth as main framework. Meanwhile, the people who lives in and around the forest utilize various forest resources for their daily living needs. The interface between those statement above comes out with question on how the practices of local livelihood exist in Kampung Sangar in the meantime. Through qualitative method within ethnographic approach, this thesis shows that various forms of forest resource management around Kampung Sangar has significant impact to the local livelihood whether those are obtained directly from the forest ecosystem or not. Moreover, The local livelihood in Kampung Sangar dominantly influenced by various external determination factors such as state policies, agro-ecological changes, and demand to forest products from the people around."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai tata cara dan mekanisme perizinan pinjam pakai kawasan hutan oleh perusahaan yang hendak melakukan kegiatan pertambangan yang diatur secara rinci berdasarkan Permenhut No. 14/KPTS-II/2013. Adapun contoh studi kasus yang digunakan adalah pengajuan perizinan yang dilakukan oleh PT. BCMG Tani Berkah. Hutan merupakan modal pembangunan nasional yang memiliki manfaat yang nyata bagi kehidupan bangsa Indonesia, untuk itu pemerintah perlu untuk campur tangan terhadap penggunaan kawasan hutan, salah satunya melalui mekanisme Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan. Filosofis pinjam pakai kawasan hutan adalah agar tidak menyebabkan tumpang tindih, luas kawasan hutan tidak terkurangi, dan memudahkan monitoring dan evaluasi yang dilakukan oleh Departemen Kehutanan. Dua Komponen Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang digunakan dalam sistem tata cara perizinan pinjam pakai kawasan hutan ini adalah Undang-Undang RI No. 4 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara dan Permenhut No. 14/KPTS-II/2013. Namun ternyata masih banyak kendala yang masih dialami oleh perusahaan dalam mengajukan perizinan pinjam pakai kawasan hutan seperti (i) tumpang tindih kegiatan, (ii) Jangka waktu penerbitan izin pinjam pakai kawasan hutan yang terlalu lama, (iii) ketidakpastian hukum, (iv) ketidakharmonisan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah, dan (v) penerapan hukum yang kurang mendukung iklim investasi. Adapun saran yang ditawarkan oleh penulis adalah (i) Pemerintah membentuk peraturan yang lengkap sehingga mampu mengakomodir segala aspek, (ii) sinergisitas kegiatan kehutanan dan pertambangan di kawasan hutan, (iii) Peran Pemerintah Daerah dalam menetapkan kebijakan mengacu kepada kebutuhan riil masyarakat, dan (iv) pembentukan standardisasi kompetensi bagi pengusaha yang melakukan investasi pertambangan.

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ABSTRACT

This research discusses about the procedure and mechanism of leasing forest area by companies that want to conduct mining activities which are regulated by Permenhut No. 14 / KPTS-II / 2013. The example study case that be used is the licensing submission PT. BCMG Tani Berkah. Forest is the capital of national development which has real benefits for the life of the Indonesian people, so that the government need to intervene against the use of forest areas, one of them through the mechanism of License Borrow and Use of Forest Areas. Philosophical leasing forest area is not to cause overlap, the forest area is not reduced, and facilitate monitoring and evaluation by the Ministry of Forestry. Two components of legislation used in the system of licensing procedures for leasing forest area are Undang-Undang RI No. 4 Tahun 2009 About Pertambangan Mineral and Batubara and Permenhut No. 14/KPTS-II/2013. But there are still many obstacles still faced by companies in filing a licensing leasing forest areas such as (i) overlapping activities, (ii) The period of issuance of use permit forest areas that are too long, (iii) legal uncertainty, (iv) the disharmony between Central and Local Government, and (v) application of the law unfavorable investment climate. The sugesstion offered by the authors are (i) the Government should establish rigid regulations that can accommodate all aspects, (ii) synergy forestry and mining activities in forest areas, (iii) The Role of Local Government in term of making regulation which in line with the real needs of the society, and ( iv) the establishment of competency standardization for the investors who do mining invest."

"The Gunung Gede - Pangrango National Park is known as a reserve for protecting plant and animal diversity, and has been listed as a biosphere reserve by The United Nation for Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Floristic composition in this park is very diverse ranging from lowland and mountain forests to sub-alpine vegetation. The forest in the national park does not always have a closed canopy as gaps have been created by both natural forces such as death of trees or windblows and by human activities. This study was designed to examine: 1) species richness and forest structure at the sapling level; 2) forest regeneration; and 3) potential uses of saplings and seedlings. The study area was located at the forest at Bodogol at the altitude of 800 m above sea level (asl). Saplings were recorded in 25 plots of 10 m x 10 m of each. The study site was located along the hill path. A sapling species inventory was conducted in one-hectare plot, which was divided into 25 subplots of 10 m x 10 m each, where enumeration, measurement of diameter and identification of each sapling were undertaken. Enumeration and identification of shrubs, tree seedlings, herbs and ferns were made in 25 subsubplots of 1 m x 1 m each. The results indicated that the sapling species richness is remarkably high. The numbers of sapling (< 10 cm diameter at breast height) recorded in 25 plots with total area of 2500 m was 1516, which belong to 83 species and 34 families with total basal area of 0.124 m2. The highest density of 356 saplings per hectare were recorded in Rubiaceae, with two leading spesies Urophyllum arboreum and Paederia foetida. Uropyllum arboreum was recorded as the most frequent sapling across 18 subplots of the total 25 subplots. Lithocarpus elegans, Acer niveum, Villebrunea rubescens, Sterculia oblongata, and Cryptocarya tomentosa were recorded as having the highest basal areas. Five species were recorded with biggest Importance Value Indexes (INP); Urophyllum arboreum (INP=23.75%), Paederia foetida (INP=13.10%), Villebrunea rubescens (INP=8.94%), Antidesma sp (INP=8.51%), and Persea excelsa (INP=7.88%). Above ground vegetation showed remarkable high species richness with total count 68 species, belonging to 44 families representing 224 individuals recorded in 25 subsubplots with total area of 25 m2. The highest frequency was recorded in Diospyros frutescens, which recorded in 7 subsubplots. Schismatoglottis calyptrata from Araceae family was recorded as the most prominent species. Twenty five subplots with a total area of 2500 m2 at Bedogol in the national park, 126 species have been identified of having potential uses for traditional medicines, building material, food sources, fire wood, handy craft, and ornamental plants."

"Rainfall interception losses were monitored for six months and related to vegetation and rainfall characteristics at the BPK-ODA research site in the upper stream of Mentaya river, Central Kalimantan. The rainfall interception losses were quantified based in the records of 52 selected rainfall events within the range of 8.5-135.5 mm. Over 6 months in one hectare pristine tropical rainforest, 217 mm (11%) of 1990 mm gross rainfall occurring in the research was loss to the atmosphere. Canopy through fall equaled 1745 mm (87.7%) of gross rainfall whereas stem flow represented 28 mm (1.3%). These findings are comparable to interception studies carried out in Sabah and Amazonian rainforest."