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"Demo-plant CFB boiler 30 ton steam/hour is grandted equipments of cooperation program between BPPT and NEDO Japan in technological study area of CFB boiler to utilize low-rank coal which functioned as steam consumption supply as well as electricity at production process system in paper mill of Basuki Rachmat-Banyuwangi

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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini difokuskan pada studi degradasi material tube boiler secondary superheater (SSH) pada pembangkit listrik. Material baja karbon rendah 2.25Cr-1Mo mengalami kerusakan retak terbuka selang 26 jam setelah tes ujicoba. Material yang mengalami kerusakan, dianalisis secara fisik dan mekanik menggunakan uji metalografi, uji komposisi kimia, Scanning electon microscopy- Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), uji kekerasan dan uji tarik, kemudian dibandingkan dengan material baru dan lama. Struktur mikro tube rupture mengalami elongasi searah keliling lingkaran tube dan retak mikro pada batas butir mengindikasikan adanya tegangan yang melebihi kemampuan material.Hasil perhitungan tegangan (hoop stress) sebesar 42,47 MPa, melebihi nilai yang diijinkan sebesar 23,5 MPa pada maksimum temperatur metal tube 605 °C. Material mengalami degradasi saat tercapai temperatur tertinggi (overheating), dan terjadi dalam waktu singkat. Pada tube lama, degradasi terjadi karena perubahan struktur mikro perlit menjadi speroidisasi karbida yang terdekomposisi dan terdispersi pada matrik ferit. Perubahan ini terjadi karena material terekspos dalam rentang waktu lama pada lingkungan temperatur tinggi.

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ABSTRACT

This research focused on the study of material degradation of tube boiler secondary superheater (SSH) in power plant. Low carbon steel 2.25Cr-1Mo are wide open ruptured in 26 hours after the running test. Samples were analyzed with physical and mechanical tests using metallographic, chemical composition, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), hardness and tensile test and compared with virgin and old tube. Microstructure of rupture tube undergo elongation direction of the circumference tube and micro cracks at grain boundaries indicates a stress that exceeds the ability of the material.

The stress calculations (hoop stress) of 42.47 MPa, exceeding the allowable stress of 23.5 MPa at maximum metal tube temperature of 605 °C. In the old tube, degradation occurs due to changes in the microstructure into pearlite spheroidizing carbides are decomposed and dispersed in the ferrite matrix. This change occurs because the material is exposed in a long time at high temperature environment."

"Didapatkan material superheater yang telah meledak dan pecah dengan karakateristik bukaan pecah knife edge menyerupai mulut ikan. Spesifikasi material adalah jenis SA 213 T22. Uji komposisi kimia menunjukan bahwa material bukan jenis SA 213 T22, tetapi mempunyai kekuatan tarik dan kekerasan di atas minimum spesifikasi. Pengamatan visual menunjukan pipa mempunyai permukaan cokelat kasar yang disebabkan oleh reaksi gas bakar. Makro fraktografi dan pengamatan SEM menunjukan adanya patahan ulet dan garis-garis deformasi pada permukaan daerah pecah. Pengamatan metalografi menunjukan adanya cementite spheroidization dan dekarburisasi permukaan pipa. Keduanya ini telah membuktikan bahwa pipa telah terekspos pada temperatur di atas normal. Analisa kegagalan meledak dan pecahnya pipa superheater adalah disebabkan karena short-term overheating. Rekomendasi terhadap kegagalan ini adalah mencegah terjadinya pembakaran berlebih atau pembakaran yang tidak merata dari burner dan pemilihan material yang tepat didasarkan pada besarnya temperatur operasi.

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There is superheater material that had been burst with wide open like fish mouth with edges of the failure drawn to a knife edge. Material specification is SA 213 T22. Chemical composition testing shows that material is not the specification of SA 213 T22, but it has tensile strength and hardness upper the minimum specification. Visual examination shows that the tube has coarse brown characteristic on the surface which was due to the hot gas reactions. Macro Fractography and SEM examination show the ductile fracture and deformation lines on the burst area. Metallography examination shows that there is spheroidization iron carbide and decarburization on the surface of the tube. Both have proved the pipe had been exposed to upper normal temperature. This failure analysis for bursting superheater tube is caused by short term overheating. Recommendation for this failure are avoid of overfiring or uneven firing of boiler fuel burners and choose right material based on the operational temperature."

"Paper mill using recycle fiber as raw material produces reject containing fiber and plastic. The reject was identified by means of sorting. Reject pellet was prepared by drying, followed by shredding, and pellets moldings. It was analyzed for its proximate composition (moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon). Calorific value, sulfur content, ash mineral content, and ash fusion temperatures were also tested. The results showed that reject consists of 50.75% fiber and 49.25% plastic of which is >99% high density polyenthylene (HDPE). Reject contains a high calorific value of about 7000 cal/g which could potentially be used as fuel. Coal boiler fuel containing 5-50% reject pellet shows no indication of slagging and fouling in the boiler. "