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"In world War II, death and violence permeated all aspects of everyday lives of ordinary people in Eastern Europe. Throughout the region, the realities of mass murder and incarceration meant that people learnt to live with daily public hangings of civilian hostages and stumbled on corpses of their neighbors. Moreover, almost entire populations were drawn into fierce and uncompromising political and ideological conflicts, and many ended up being more than mere victims or observers: they themselves became perpetrators or facilitators of violence, often to protect their own lives but also to gain various benefits. Yugoslavia in particular saw a gradual culmination of a complex and brutal civil war, which ultimately killed more civilians than did the foreign occupying armies. This book tells the story of the tremendous impact of such pervasive and multi-layered political violence, and looks at ordinary citizens attempts to negotiate these extraordinary wartime political pressures. In doing so, it examines Yugoslav psychiatric documents as unique windows into this harrowing history. It provides an original perspective on the effects of wartime violence and occupation through the history of psychiatry, mental illness, and personal experience. Using previously untapped patients case files, state and institutional archives, and the professional medical literature of the time, this book explores the socio-cultural history of wartime through the eyes of (mostly lower-class) psychiatric patients. Furthermore, it examines how the experiences of observing, suffering, and committing political violence affected the understanding of human psychology, pathology, and normality in World war II and post-war Balkans and Europe."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh sedikitnya sumber mengenai gerakanfasisme di Indonesia pada masa sebelum kemerdekaan yang pada saat itu masihdikenal dengan nama Hindia Belanda. Gerakan kemerdekaan bagi Hindia Belandaselalu diidentikkan dengan ideologi nasionalisme dan komunisme. Banyak yangtidak mengetahui kalau di Hindia Belanda pernah ada gerakan dari organisasi ataupartai politik fasisme yang menginginkan kemerdekaan. Fasisme yang pada awal abad ke-20 menjadi sebuah ideologi yanglahir dan berkembang di Eropa kemudian menyebar sampai ke Asia. Fasisme diHindia Belanda memiliki keunikan sendiri dibandingkan dengan yangberkembang di negara lain, yakni bila fasisme di Eropa dan negara lainnyamenjadi alat untuk melakukan imperialism, maka di Hindia Belanda Fasismejustru dijadikan alat untuk mencapai kemerdekaan. Dengan kata lain, Fasisme diHindia Belanda lahi disebuah negara terjajah yang belum memiliki pengalamandemokrasi dan belum memiliki industri yang cukup maju, padahal dua faktor iniadalah yang utama bila Fasisme ingin berkembang di suatu negara.

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This research of background by the least source of the fascism movement

in Indonesia in the before independence period at the time was still known as

Netherlands Indies. The Netherlands Indies independence movement was

identified with of the nationalism and communism. Many people don’t know in

the Netherlands Indies had no movement by the fascism organization and political

party who wants to independence of Netherlands Indies.

In the beginning of the 20th century, Fascism was

born and flourished in Europe and then spread to Asia. The Fascism growth in

Netherlands Indies is unique if compare to the other countries, namely when

Fascism in Europe and other countries to be imperialism element, then the

Netherlands Indies, Fascism is precisely used to archieved independence. In other

word, the Fascism in Netherlands Indies was born in colonized country that has no

experience of democracy and yet have a sufficiently advanced industries, whereas

these two factors are the main ones when Fascism to flourish in a country. "

"Pinokio merupakan sebuah karakter yang sangat dikenal dari bagaimana dia belajar menjadi anak laki-laki sungguhan. Ceritanya juga sangat terkenal dengan keunikan dari hidung tokoh utamanya yang dapat bertambah panjang ketika dia berbohong. Formula cerita ini secara terus menerus digunakan dan dapat ditemukan dengan mudah di seluruh adaptasi Pinokio. Namun, apakah cerita Pinokio hanya tentang menggambarkan hidung Pinokio? Film tentu menawarkan banyak aspek lain yang dapat dilihat. Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio (2022) telah menunjukkan hal tersebut dengan membuat alur cerita yang tidak hanya semata-mata menghadirkan tentang bagaimana tokoh utama Pinokio menjadi anak laki-laki sungguhan. Meskipun Pinokio yang banyak dikenal sebagai tokoh terkenal dalam sastra anak, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat penggambaran dari fasisme dan bagaimana hal tersebut dikritik lewat cerita Pinokio. Dengan demikian, penulisan ini membahas fasisme dalam sebuah film Hollywood dan bagaimana film tersebut menggambarkan paham tersebut.

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Pinocchio is a well-known character who is majorly recognized by how the wooden puppet learns to be a real boy. The story is also widely famous for the uniqueness of the main character when his nose grows longer as he lies. This same formula has been continuously used and can be easily found in every adaptation of Pinocchio. However, does it mean that the story of Pinocchio is only about depicting Pinocchio’s nose? Motion pictures certainly offer many aspects to be seen. Guillermo del Toro’s Pinocchio (2022) has stepped this notion up by creating storylines that do not simply present how the main character is portrayed to be a real boy. Even though Pinocchio is mostly known as a famous character in children's literature, this paper aims to see the portrayal of fascism and how it is criticized through the story of Pinocchio. Therefore, this paper deals with fascism in a Hollywood film and how it captures elements of fascism."