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"Written by leading orthopedic surgeons, this superbly illustrated pocket guide helps you expertly diagnose, classify, and, most importantly, manage every type of fracture and ligamentous injury commonly seen in clinical practice"

" Fractures are a common finding in children and it is estimated that 2.1% of all children will suffer at least one fracture before the age of 16. With young children in particular, the question may arise if this is related to child abuse. The aim of this book is to help physicians involved in child abuse cases to interpret radiological findings in light of the forensic circumstances under which they occurred. The authors present up-to-date literature related to the mechanisms underlying non-accidental cases of trauma. In this book not only the radiological findings in child-abuse are discussed, but more importantly, these findings are analyzed from a forensic perspective. Careful attention is paid to evidence regarding reported trauma mechanisms and their clinical outcome; for example, can a fall from a couch result in a femoral fracture, and if not, where is the supporting evidence?"

"Evaluation of individual maturity status takes an important role in selecting of the orthodontic treatment plans, especially for the growing age patient. This is mostly related to use of functional appliances and surgical approaches in some cases of skeletal discrepancy. Previous researches have demonstrated the significant correlation between the mandible length and the cervical vertebrae maturation in Deutero-Malay group. The significant correlation between the cervical vertebrae and the middle phalanx maturity, and the dental calcification within group of Deutero-malay has been proven. Objective: To confirm the correlation between the mandible length and the dental calcification. Methods: This way an observational research with a cross sectional design, done on 160 Deutero-malay subjects, aged 8-16 years. The length of mandible was measured from Condylion to Gnathion, and the dental calcification was evaluated by Demirjian method. Result: of Spearman nonparametric correlation (r=0.713), the second premolar (r=0.753), and the second molar (r=0.772). The result of Multiple Classification Analysis showed that the highest correlation to the mandible length was the second molar calcification (B=0.495)."

"Reservoir terekahkan merupakan reservoir dimana fluida tersimpan dan dapat teralirkan melalui porositas dan permeabilitas sekunder dari rekahan. Salah satu kompleksitas dari reservoir minyak dan gas bumi yang memiliki rekahan adalah bagaimana kondisi geologis dapat mempenngaruhi bentuk dan persebaran dari rekahan yang ada di bawah permukaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan karakterisasi rekahan, membuat model intensitas rekahan, dan mengkaitkannya dengan keadaan geologi pada lapangan penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan interpretasi data rekahan dari log FMI, interpretasi data seismik, pembuatan atribut seismik, dan pembuatan model dengan menggunakan neural network untuk mendistribusikan intensitas rekahan dengan arahan atribut seismik yang dibuat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rekahan bersifat resistif dan konduktif yang masing-masing berjumlah 163 dan 291 rekahan. Orientasi patahan mayor dan rekahan-rekahan pada tiga sumur menunjukkan orientasi NE-SW, NW-SE, dan N-S. Model intensitas rekahan lateral Lapangan Arwintar menunjukkan bahwa keterbentukan rekahan relatif lebih banyak terjadi pada daerah yang memiliki perubahan elevasi curam, yang mana berarti wilayah tersebut mengalami tingkat deformasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada bagian lainnya. Diperkirakan patahan dan rekahan yang ada pada lapangan dipengaruhi oleh kejadian tektonik besar berupa subduksi.

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Fractured reservoir is a reservoir with fluid storage and pathway comes from fractures as a secondary porosity and permeability. The complexity of fractured reservoirs is how geological conditions can affect the shape and distribution of the subsurface fractures. This research aims to characterize fractures, make a fracture intensity model, and correlate it to the geological conditions in the field. The research was conducted by interpreting fracture data from FMI logs, interpreting seismic data, creating seismic attributes, and making models using a neural network to distribute the fracture intensity with the direction of the seismic attributes created. The results showed there are 163 resistive fractures and 291 conductive fractures. The orientation of the major faults and the fractures showed NE-SW, NW-SE, and N-S trends. The fracture intensity model of Arwintar Field showed that fracture is more common in areas that have steep elevation changes. It means these areas experience a higher level of deformation than in other areas. It is assumed that the faults and fractures were generated because of subduction."

"Reduksi secara tertutup dan fiksasi internal menggunakan miniplate dan screw titanium masih merupakan modalitas terapi yang terbaik untuk fraktur tulang wajah yang displaced dengan gangguan fungsi dan deformitas secara penampilan. Namun, implan maksilofasial yang beredar di Indonesia masih sangat mahal. Untuk itu diperkenalkan miniplate dan screw buatan lokal (UniFIX®) yang lebih murah dan memiliki kualitas yang sama dengan miniplate dan screw yang diimpor. Dilakukan studi eksperimental cross over dengan menggunakan enam belas model tengkorak dari bahan polyurethane yang dipasang implan UniFIX® dan implan impor pada bagian rima orbita inferior oleh pengguna. Dilakukan pencatatan terhadap waktu untuk menyelesaikan pemasangan miniplate dan screw. Setiap pengguna diberikan kuesioner evaluasi terhadap kemudahan penggunaan miniplate dan screw dalam hal kenyamanan saat penggunaan, kecocokan screw dengan screwdriver, pembengkokan plate, dan self-tapping dari screw. Setelah itu, dilakukan penilaian oleh konsultan ahli kraniofasial terhadap stabilitas dan adaptabilitas dari miniplate dan screw yang telah dipasang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa miniplate dan screw UniFIX® tidak inferior jika dibandingkan dengan miniplate dan screw impor dalam hal kemudahan penggunaan. Meskipun demikian, karakteristik self-tapping screw UniFIX® dapat ditingkatkan untuk mendapatkan kualitas yang lebih baik.

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Open reduction and internal fixation using miniplate and screw is still the best treatment of displaced facial fracture with functional impairment and cosmetic deformity. However, imported miniplate and screw currently widely used are highly costly. Therefore, a locally-made miniplate and screw (UniFIX®) which is cost-efficient and has the same quality with the imported brand is introduced. This study aims to evaluate the usability of UniFIX® miniplate and screw in comparison with the imported miniplate and screw. Cross over experimental study was conducted with sixteen polyurethane anatomical skull models. Both UniFIX® and imported miniplate and screw were placed on the infraorbital rims by users. Time to complete the placement was recorded. Each user received questionnaire to evaluate the usability of miniplate and screw in terms of operator s comfort, screw fit to screwdriver, plate bending, and self-tapping of the screw. Subsequently, two craniofacial consultants were given scoring sheet to evaluate the stability and the adaptability of each miniplate and screw. The results showed that the usability of UniFIX® miniplate and screw was not inferior compared to the imported brand. Nevertheless, the self-tapping feature of locally-made screw may be improved to produce better quality."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan hasil interpretasi superimposisi maksila dan mandibula antara tiga metode superimposisi pada kelompok usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun. Metode superimposisi maksila yang diteliti adalah pada area best fit, Björk dan Skieller, serta Springate. Sementara metode superimposisi mandibula yang diteliti adalah pada tepi bawah mandibula, Björk dan Skieller, serta Springate. Metode: Tracing dilakukan pada foto sebelum perawatan (T0) dengan membuat garis panduan sella-nasion (SN) dan garis N yang tegak lurus terhadap SN serta struktur anatomis pada regio maksila atau mandibula. Sedangkan pada foto setelah perawatan (T1), tracing dilakukan hanya pada struktur anatomis pada regio maksila dan mandibula saja. Kemudian hasil tracing setelah perawatan (T1) disuperimposisikan di atas hasiltracing sebelum perawatan (T0) berdasarkan berbagai metode superimposisi maksila atau mandibula. Setelah itu garis SN dan N pada tracing sebelum perawatan dipindahkan ke atas hasil tracing setelah perawatan. Terakhir, posisi titik referensi pada maksila (titik ANS, A, dan U1) atau mandibula (titik Pog, B, dan L1) diukur jarak koordinatnya secara vertikal dan horizontal ke garis SN dan N yang berperan sebagai sumbu x dan y. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan, baik dalam dimensi vertikal maupun horizontal, mengenai hasil interpretasi superimposisi maksila dan mandibula dengan tiga metode superimposisi yang diujikan pada kelompok usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun. Kesimpulan: Evaluasi perawatan ortodontik pada pasien usia non-growing ≥ 20 tahun menggunakan berbagai metode superimposisi maksila dan mandibula menghasilkan hasil interpretasi yang sama, baik diukur dalam dimensi vertikal maupun horizontal. Sehingga pemilihan metode superimposisi maksila dan mandibula apapun pada pasiennon-growing tidak akan mempengaruhi hasil interpretasi evaluasi perawatan, selama metode superimposisi yang digunakan tetap memperhatikan struktur anatomis yang ada.

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Objectives: To compare the interpretation of maxillary and mandibular superimposition between three methods on ≥ 20-year-old non-growing patients. Three maxillary superimposition methods used during the study were best fit, Björk-Skieller, and Springate. Meanwhile for mandibular superimposition, the methods used during the study were inferior border of mandible, Björk-Skieller, and Springate. Method: Tracing was executed on pre-treatment cephalogram (T0) to construct sella-nasion (SN) line and N line which was perpendicular to SN, and also to construct anatomical structures on maxilla or mandible. Tracing at post-treatment cephalogram (T1) was executed on maxillary or mandibular anatomical structures only. Then cephalogram tracing at T1 was superimposed on T0 based on three different superimposition methods on maxilla or mandible. SN line and N line at T0 were then transferred into T1 tracing as a reference line of x and y axis. Hence, the position of maxillary reference points (ANS, A, and U1) or mandibular reference points (Pog, B, and L1) could be accounted vertically and horizontally to the x and y axis. Results: No statistical difference in vertical or horizontal dimention, regarding the interpretation of maxillary and mandibular superimposition between three methods on ≥20-year-old non-growing patients. Conclusion: Post orthodontic treatment evaluation on ≥ 20-year-old non-growing patients using varied maxillary and mandibular superimposition methods may result the same interpretation in vertical or horizontal dimention. Any maxillary or mandibular superimposition methods could be used on non-growing patients and may not affect interpretation on post treatment evaluation, as long as the used methods account any existing anatomical structures."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Lidokain adalah anestetik lokal yang banyak digunakan dalam bidang kedokteran gigi, karena mempunyai mula kerja cepat dan masa kerja lama dan jarang menimbulkan alergi. Anestetik lokal lidokain yang biasa digunakan adalah lidokain 2% dengan epinefrin 1 : 80.000. LC adalah lidokain Inpres yang dikeluhkan oleh dokter gigi Puskesmas mempunyai mula kerja lama dan masa kerja singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan mula kerja dan masa kerja LC dan PC (obat anestetik lokal standar) pada kasus pencabutan gigi molar satu atau molar dua rahang bawah.Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 60 orang pasien, yaitu 30 orang mendapat LC dan 30 orang mendapat PC dengan Cara anestesi infiltrasi dan anestesi blok rahang hawah. Observasi mula kerja dilakukan dengan penusukan sonde lurus pada daerah separuh bibir, 2/3 anterior lidah ipsilateral dan mukosa pipi dan luksasi ringan gigi yang akan dicabut dengan interval 1 menit. Observasi masa kerja dilakukan dengan penusukan sonde pada daerah observasi dan soket bekas pencabutan gigi setelah 1 jam dan kemudian setiap 15 menit.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Mula kerja rata-rata LC 560,7 detik dan PC 254,8 detik. Masa kerja rata-rata LC 124,5 menit dan PC 170 menit. Mula kerja dan masa kerja LC dan PC berbeda bermakna dengan p <0,01. Perbedaan mula kerja dan masa kerja LC dan PC mungkin disebabkan perbedaan formulasi, yaitu perbedaan bahan baku dan zat penambah lain seperti vasokonstriktor, zat pengawet dan lain-lain.

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Scope and Method of Study: Lidocain is currently a local anesthetic agent most widely used in dentistry, be-cause of its rapid onset, long duration of action and

safety. It is commonly used as a 2% solution containing 1: 80.000 adrenalin. Lidocain (LC) is a trade name for lidocain that is routinely used in Puskesmas (Inpres drug). Complaints about the insufficiency of LC are frequently reported by dentists who work at these local health centers. On the other hand, a large body of information revealed that dentists prefer to use another trade name of lidocain, namely "Pehacain" (PC) to LC.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the efficacy of LC vs PC in clinical use, i.e. in the extraction of the first or second molar of the mandible. A total of 60 patients is divided into two groups, consisting of 30 patients each. The first group was treated with LC and the second group with PC, each was locally injected as infiltration and block anesthesia. The onset of action of the drugs was determined by prickling of the lip, tongue and buccal mucosa with a sonde and by a slight luxation of the affected tooth, at an interval of 1 minute. The duration of action of the drugs was determined 1 hour after the onset of anesthesia, by prickling the anesthetized socket every 15 minutes.

Findings and Conclusions: The onset of action of LC was 566.7 ± 82.8 (mean ± SD) seconds, and that of PC was 259.8 ± 32.0 seconds. The duration of action of LC was 124.5 ± 13.5 minutes, while that of PC was 170 ± 9.1 minutes. The onset and duration of action of these two drugs differed significantly (p <0.01). The cause of the differences might lie in the differences in the constituents of the drugs, such as the reducing agents, type of preservation, the amount of vasoconstrictor added, etc."