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Heri Hermawan

Analiais pengembangan kebijakan pariwisata Indonesia: suatu studi perbandingan kebijakan pariwisata Indonesia dengan Singapura dan Malaysia

"Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia sungguh beruntung dikaruniai dengan keindahan alam maupun kekayaan budaya. Kekayaan alam dan budaya itu jika dikembangkan dengan baik akan menjadi daya tarik untuk mengembangkan pariwisata di negeri ini.Namun sayangnya, hingga saat ini potensi tersebut belum mampu dikembangkan dengan optimal.

Hal ini berbeda dengan negara tetangga seperti Singapura dan Malaysia, walapun potensi pariwisata mereka tidaklah sekaya yang dimiliki Indonesia, namun mampu mengembangkan pariwisatanya dengan baik. Hal ini dapat ditunjukan dengan besarnya jumlah wisatawan mancanegara dan devisa yang dihasilkan negara tersebut dari sektor pariwisata.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kebijakan di masing-masing negara, baik Singapura, Malaysia maupun Indonesia dalam mengembangkan pariwisatanya.

Penelitian ini memusatkan perhatiannya pada kebijakan publik pada tingkat kebijakan tertinggi (level policy) dan tingkat organisasi (organizational level) terhadap bagaimana usaha pemerintah masing-masing negara dalam mengelola dan mengembangkan pariwisata baik pengembangan produk dan pemasaran pariwisatanya.

Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui cara masing-masing pemerintah dalam merumuskan dan mengimplementasikan kebijakan publik khususnya di sektor pariwisata termasuk partisipasi masyarakat didalamnya.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan menggunakan responden yang dipilih dari kalangan pakar dan praktisi yang dianggap mempunyai pengetahuan yang cukup dalam terhadap masalah kebijakan pariwisata di negara-negara tersebut di atas.

Dari penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa pemerintah Indonesia tidaklah mempunyai komitmen yang kuat di dalam pengembangan pariwisatanya. Hal ini sangat berbeda dengan Singapura dan Malaysia. Komitmen kuat tidaknya pemerintah tercermin dari bentuk organisasi kepariwisataan nasional yang dipilihnya.Di dalam pariwisata, bentuk organisasi pariwisata sangat berpengaruh terhadap model partisipasi masyarakat. Di dalam bentuk badan independen ternyata membuktikan bahwa organisasi pariwisata Singapura dan Malaysia dapat lebih meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam formulasi dan implementasi kebijakan publik.

Untuk mengembangkan pariwisata, perlu komitmen kuat dari pemerintah pada tingkat kebijakan tertinggi untuk menggerakan dukungan dari sektor lain seperti keuangan, telekomunikasi, pekerjaan umum dan sebagainya, sedangkan pada tingkatan kebijakan organisasi bagaimana organisasi tersebut mengembangkan produk dan pemasaran pariwisatanya.

Pemerintah Singapura dan Malaysia menyadari akan peran penting pariwisata bagi negaranya, oleh karena itu mereka menempatkan sektor pariwisata sebagai prioritas pembangunan negaranya. Implementasi dari kebijakan ini diwujudkan dari kebijakan yang mendukung penuh pembangunan pariwisata. Di tingkat kebijakan operasional, mereka membentuk badan independen agar dapat lebih fleksibel dan lebih cepat dalam mencapai tujuannya.

Untuk melaksanakan misinya, maka badan independen senantiasa berusaha melibatkan seluruh stakeholder seperti industri, asosiasi, lembaga pendidikan, pakar dan masyarakat dalam setriap perumusan dan implementasi kebijakan.

Hubungan antara badan independen dengan stakeholder bersifat saling ketergantungan dan saling menguntungkan. Badan karena meriyadari operasionalnya dari industri bertanggungjawab terhadap kernajuan industri. Sebaliknya industri selalu mendukung setiap kebijakan yang dihasilkan oleh badan independen.

Di Indonesia, walaupun pemerintah selalu menyatakan tentang peran penting pariwisata bagi perekonomian negaranya, namun terbukti tidak memiliki komitmen yang kuat dalam pembangunan pariwisatanya. Hal ini ditunjukan dengan tidak adanya upaya nyata terhadap pembangunan pariwisata. Disamping itu tidak adanya pemisahan yang tegas antara organisasi yang melaksanakan perumusan kebijakan dan kebijakan operasional membuat penanganan pariwisata menjadi tidak profesional.

Indonesia, as a large archipelagic country, was blessed with abundance tourism potency to be developed for the interest of her people. The tourism potency encompassed all kind of natural beauty and the uniqueness of the culture. However, the potency is not well developed. Meanwhile, Singapore and Malaysia who has less potency compare with Indonesia, had been successfully developed their tourism well, as it was shown in the increasing number of tourist arrivals as well as the increasing flow of foreign exchange.
This research has the objective to study the policy at those countries, Singapore, Malaysia as well Indonesia particularly on how they develop tourism in their successive countries.
The research focused on the interest on public policy matters at the policy level, that is how the government manage and develop their national tourism, product development and tourism marketing development.
Further, the research is aimed to satisfy the curiosity on how the countries should formulate their public policy, and to what extend do the community's participation in formulating and implementing the public policy.
The research will use qualitative method, using respondent was selected among experts and practitioners who are competent in the subject, particularly those having the necessary knowledge in tourism policy.
The output of the survey would be a comparative analysis between Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It was found that the Indonesia government did not have strong enough commitment in developing tourism in the country. The Government's commitment in developing tourism was reflected in national tourism organization development model.

In tourism, tourism organization model was proofed to be very influential against the community's participation on formulating public policy. In the form of independent board, it was proofed that national tourism organization Singapore and Malaysia is more participative in formulating and implementing tourism policy.
To accelerate the development of tourism, it requires government's commitment either at the top level management policy, supported by all related sectors such as finance, communication, telecommunication, public works etc. or policy at the organizational level in the form of national tourism organization (NTO) and how NTO-NTO should develop the product and marketing.
The Government of Singapore and Malaysia do aware of the significant role of tourism for their countries, therefore they put tourism as a prime sector in the development of the state economic. The implementation of this policy was then manifested by formulating policies that fully support tourism development in their respective countries. Meanwhile in their operational policy, both countries had set up an independence board that expected to be more flexible and fast in running their mission in developing tourism.
In running the mission, as outlined by the government, in order to get the highest achievement, the independence board was than formulate policies at the operational level by involving all stakeholders in the tourism development such as industries, association, educational institution, experts and communities and implemented the policy.
The relationship between independent board with stakeholder was in the nature interdependency and mutually benefited to both parties. The board, which is finance by industry was responsible to set marketing places, meanwhile industries support the process by building supra-structure required by tourism industry and fully responsible for tax settlement with the government. The growth of tourism industry will drive the growth of the state economic in Singapore and Malaysia.
In Indonesia, although as in ordinary way the government rhetorically says the significant role of for the state economic, it has not strong enough in her commitment in the development of tourism. The commitment of the government reflected by the inability of the government to drive other sector in supporting the tourism development. Besides, without separating the policy at the top level and at the organizational level the tourism could not be managed professionally.
In the model as the NTO is the government own and the fund come from National State Budget, in formulating and implementation of the public policy not always involving all stakeholders, so they did not have true commitment each others."

Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2006

T21968

UI - Tesis Membership Universitas Indonesia Library

Kebijakan standarisasi pariwisata Indonesia

"Perkembangan standarisasi di sektor pariwisata Indonesia dimulai sekitar tahun 1980-an yakni melalui program pendidikan dan pelatihan di bidang perholtelan yang menuntut standar kualifikasi ketrampilan (SKK) di para lulusannya sesuai permintaan pihak industri perhutelan pada saat itu...."

Artikel Jurnal Universitas Indonesia Library

Analisis pengembangan kebijakan pariwisata Indonesia

"The development of tourism in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia showed a deep gap between three countries, especially in the number of visitor arrivals. The writer is trying to reveals the gap and the reason why the gap exist between them. The fact showed that in developing tourism, Singapore and Malaysia had established an independence body to handle tourism sector separated with the policy makers. This body had full authority in handling tourism because they were financed by private sector. The separation between the policy maker and the executor had proofed to be very effective in driving the development. The executor was then supported by provincial executor body that worked under the command of the central body. In Indonesia there is no separation between the policy maker and the executor, consequently the task and responsibility is not clear yet. The result showed that Indonesia is still backward in developing tourism with only a few international tourists visiting he country. "

790 JUKIN 3:1 (2008)

Artikel Jurnal Universitas Indonesia Library

Riant Nugroho

Kebijakan Pariwisata : Sebuah Pengantar untuk Negara Berkembang

Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2018

910 RIA k

Buku Teks SO Universitas Indonesia Library

Regina Veronica Edijono

Pelaksanaan dan kebijakan pariwisata berkelanjutan di Uni Eropa tahun 2006-2015 (studi kasus Benelux) = The implementation and policy of sustainable tourism in the European Union 2006-2015 (a case study of Benelux) / Regina Veronica Edijono

"[ABSTRAK

Uni Eropa menggalakkan slogan "Eropa, Tujuan Wisata No 1 di Dunia" sejak 2010,

diawali dengan pembaharuan kebijakan pariwisata Uni Eropa yang berlandaskan

hukum Traktat Lisabon 2009. Namun, program pariwisata berkelanjutan dilakukan

mulai 2006. Pariwisata, yang merupakan kegiatan lintas sektor, menjadi komoditas

industri Uni Eropa. Mereka memiliki kompetensi untuk mendukung pelaksanaan

kegiatan pariwisata di Negara Anggota. Belgia, Belanda, dan Luksemburg adalah

Negara Anggota Uni Eropa yang unik, mereka tergabung pula dalam organisasi

regional Uni Benelux. Sektor pariwisata di tiga negara Benelux menarik perhatian.

Sejak 2006 Belanda selalu unggul dalam jumlah kedatangan wisatawan

internasional, disusul Belgia kemudian Luksemburg. Pelaksanaan dan kebijakan

pariwisata di setiap negara berperan penting dalam memajukan pariwisata mereka.

ABSTRACT

European Union promotes the slogan "Europe, the world's No. 1 tourist destination"

since 2010, initiated from the renewal of the European Union tourism policy based

on the Lisbon Treaty, 2009. However, sustainable tourism program has been

conducted by the European Union since 2006. Tourism as a cross-sector activity

has become the European Union's industrial commodity. European Union has a

competence to support the implementation of tourism activities in Member States.

Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg are unique Member States, they are

also incorporated in the Benelux Union, a regional organization. Tourism sector of

the three countries gains attention. Since 2006 The Netherlands has been always on

first place regarding to the number of international tourist arrivals, followed by

Belgium and Luxembourg. The implementation of tourism policy of each country

and the policy itself plays an important role in creating the advancement of tourism, European Union promotes the slogan "Europe, the world's No. 1 tourist destination"