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"Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki tingkat kepadatan jalan yang tinggi. Ini karena jumlah kendaraan di Indonesia sangat banyak. Keberadaan teknologi telah menjawab segala permasalahan baik dari segi aktivitas maupun penggunaan waktu. Perkembangan teknologi yang maju ini lah yang membawa kehidupan manusia pada kualitas yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan zaman-zaman sebelumnya, zaman ketika belum adanya alat komunikasi seperti telepon, zaman sebelum adanya mesin-mesin produksi yang menunjang produksi masal perindustrian. Bentuk kemajuan teknologi dapat kita rasakan dalam berbagai bidang, baik dibidang pendidikan, ekonomi, maupun komunikasi.Banyak negara yang sudah mengurangi transaksi tunai. Dengan pembayaran non-tunai akurasi pembayaran semakin jelas, lebih baik, lebih cepat dan lebih aman. Namun sistem kartu yang sudah terimplementasikan Indonesia ini masih sangat ketinggalan zaman.Buku skripsi ini ditulis dengan tujuan untuk memaparkan teori tentang electronic toll collection system, dan melanjutkan ke skripsi dengan harapan untuk menawarkan solusi yang dapat mengurangi tingkat kemacetan di Indonesia. Penulis akan memberikan alternatif sistem pembayaran tol agar mempersingkat waktu antrean kendaraan.

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Indonesia is a country that has a high level of road density. This is because the number of vehicles in Indonesia is very large. The existence of technology has answered all problems both in terms of activity and use of time. It is this advanced technological development that brings human life to a high quality compared to the previous eras, the era when there were no communication tools such as telephones, the era before the existence of production machines that supported industrial mass production. We can feel the form of technological progress in various fields, both in the fields of education, economics, and communication.

Many countries have reduced cash transactions. With non-cash payments, payment accuracy is clearer, better, faster and safer.

Therefore it is necessary to improve technology on toll roads throughout Indonesia, namely by implementing ETC or Electronic Toll Collection.

This thesis book was written with the aim of explaining the theory of the electronic toll collection system, and proceeding to the thesis with the hope of offering a solution that can reduce the level of congestion in Indonesia. The author will provide an alternative toll payment system in order to shorten the vehicle queue time."

"ContentsIntroduction to the research process -- Mice -- Tests of mouse behavior -- Designs -- Sample size -- Ethics approval -- Logistics -- Getting ready for testing -- Prelude to data analysis -- Domains and test batteries -- Motivating mice -- Qualities of behavioral tests -- Task refinement and standardization -- Video tracking -- Laboratory environment."

"Technology has an ever increasing impact on how we work and live. Article addressed the issue of the impact of technology in two keys areas of language learning. On the one side learners increasingly used technology to translate. Given this trend, was there any real need to learn a language. On the other side, educational institutions increasingly used technology to rate language proficiency. Given this trend, would the work of the teacher become less and less important. The survey was conducted by using quantitative method. The respondents' age range was 18-25. There were 53 respondents, 35% were male, 65% were female. The instrument was a questionnaire having 9 questions describing the students' reliance on computer in translation. It can be concluded that learners of English indicate that they accept and welcome the role of technology in language learning, but there is a doubt that the role and participation of humans in the learning process will be completely replaced. The human remains an important ingredient."

"Background. Metformin is the first-line oral antidiabetic agent used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. One of the adverse reactions of the long term use of metformin is cobalamin malabsorption. Clinical and laboratory findings are important in the diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency.Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of cobalamin deficiency symptoms related to long-term use of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Pasar Rebo General Hospital in Jakarta.Setting. This quantitative, observational study with retrospective cohort design was conducted in outpatient department Pasar Rebo General Hospital November 2015 until January 2016.Methods. 200 subjects were recruited and divided into two groups, patients who had been taking metformin for 1-3 years and patients who had been taking metformin for more than 3 years. Each patient was assessed for thepresence of cobalamin deficiency symptoms. Main outcome measure. Cobalamin deficiency symptoms evaluated were symptoms of neuropathy(measured by DN4 questionnaire) and hematologic abnormalities associated to cobalamin deficiency, i.e. macrocytic erythrocyte, hypersegmented neutrophils, and giant bands.Results. There are significant differences in the proportions of neuropathy symptoms (RR 2.36, 95%, p=0.000) and hematologic abnormalities (RR 1.5, 95%, p=0.007) between the two groups.Conclusions. Long-term use of metformin (≥3 years) may increase the risk of cobalamin deficiency symptoms in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients."

"The authors evaluated the effect of a brief tailored smoking control intervention delivered during basic military training on tobacco use in a population of military personnel (N = 33,215). Participants were randomized to either a tobacco use intervention (smoking cessation, smokeless tobacco use cessation, or prevention depending on tobacco use history) or a health education control condition. Results indicated that smokers who received intervention were 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.30) times (7-day point prevalence) and 1.23 (95% CI = 1.07, 1.41) times (continuous abstinence) more likely to be abstinent than controls from smoking cigarettes at the 1-year follow-up (p < .01); the cessation rate difference was 1.60% (31.09% vs. 29.49%) and 1.73% (15.47% vs. 13.74%) for point prevalence and continuous abstinence, respectively. Additionally, smokeless tobacco users were 1.33 (95% CI = 1.08, 1.63) times more likely than controls (p < .01) continuously abstinent at follow-up, an overall cessation rate difference of 5.44% (33.72% vs. 28.28%). The smoking prevention program had no impact on smoking initiation. These results suggest potential for large-scale tobacco control efforts."

"ABSTRAKArmed conflicts create drastic socioeconomic shocks that lead to land use and land cover changes in ways that are not yet well understood. Several studies have used satellite imagery to detect such changes during periods of conflict. However, there has been an insufficient examination of older conflicts before the 1970s. By examining older conflicts, we can examine the effects of conflict on land use and land cover over a long time span. This study reveals land use and land cover changes during the Second Indochina War (1960-75) and the wars immediate and long-term effects on land use and land cover by combining an analysis of aerial and satellite photographs with fieldwork. This study concludes that the war created an abnormal situation in which a large number of people from a different ethnic group came to live amongst the original inhabitants of the research site. This led to a unique farming landscape and vast areas of forest destruction. The study also reveals that forest destruction during the war was a significant milestone in the history of the vegetation of the research site, and the vegetative landscape has still not recovered to its prewar condition. These findings, as well as the results of previous research, suggest that we need to be more conscious of the effects of war on forest degradation in Laos."

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Pendahuluan: Kelainan kromosom meningkat secara eksponensial pada ibu usia lanjut dan prevalensi dapat mencapai hingga 80% pada wanita usia 40 tahun. Oleh karena itu, PGT-A telah digunakan di rumah sakit pada pasien IVF, untuk mencegah konsekuensi yang timbul dari kelainan genetik dan mengoptimalkan hasil klinis. Faktor ibu dan faktor laki-laki yang berhubungan dengan kesuburan telah dikaitkan dengan penemuan embrio aneuploid di PGT-A, namun data masih sedikit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh usia ibu, penilaian embrio, konsentrasi sperma, dan motilitas sperma pasangan terhadap hasil PGT-A. Metode: Penelitian cross-sectional ini menggunakan data rekam medis dan buku embriologi Klinik Yasmin Kencana. Sebanyak 35 pasien IVF dengan embrio tunggal yang telah menjalani PGT-A dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis untuk kemungkinan pengaruh usia ibu, penilaian embrio, konsentrasi sperma, dan motilitas sperma pasangan, terhadap hasil PGT-A. Untuk mengidentifikasi faktor terkuat yang terkait dengan tingkat aneuploidi, dilakukan analisis regresi logistik multivariat. Hasil: Usia ibu (p=0,033), penilaian embrio (p=0,002), konsentrasi sperma (p=0,002) dan motilitas sperma (p=0,008), memiliki hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan hasil PGT-A. Faktor terkuat dalam memprediksi hasil PGT-A pasien IVF adalah penilaian embrio (B=0.593, OR=1.809, 95% CI, 0.286-0.683, p<0.001). Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa usia ibu, penilaian embrio, konsentrasi sperma dan motilitas sperma mempengaruhi hasil PGT-A.

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Introduction: Chromosomal abnormality increases exponentially in advanced maternal age and reaches up to 80% prevalence in women ages 40. For this reason, PGT-A has been utilized in hospital settings for IVF patients, to prevent consequences arising from genetic anomalies and optimize clinical outcomes. Maternal factors and fertility-related male factors have been associated with finding an aneuploid embryo in PGT-A, yet data remain scant. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of maternal age, embryo grading, partner’s sperm concentration and sperm motility on PGT-A results. Method: This cross-sectional study used data from Yasmin Kencana Clinic medical record and embryology book. A total of 35 single-embryo IVF patients who had undergone PGT-A were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test, for the possible influence of maternal age, embryo grading, partner’s sperm concentration and sperm motility on PGT-A results. For the identification of the strongest factor associated with aneuploidy rates, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Maternal age (p=0.033), embryo grading (p=0.002), sperm concentration (p=0.002) and sperm motility (p=0.008), have a statistically significant relationship with the PGT-A results. The strongest factor in predicting PGT-A results of IVF patients is embryo grading (B=0.593, OR=1.809, 95% CI, 0.286- 0.683, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study found that maternal age, embryo grading, sperm concentration and sperm motility influence PGT-A results.

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