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"This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2012), held in Québec, Canada, in October 2012. The 68 revised full papers were carefully selected from 186 submissions. Beside the technical program, the conference featured two special tracks. The former was the traditional application track, which focused on industrial and academic uses of constraint technology and its comparison and integration with other optimization techniques (MIP, local search, SAT, etc.) The second track, featured for the first time in 2012, concentrated on multidisciplinary papers, cross-cutting methodology and challenging applications collecting papers that link CP technology with other techniques like machine learning, data mining, game theory, simulation, knowledge compilation, visualization, control theory, and robotics. In addition, the track focused on challenging application fields with a high social impact such as CP for life sciences, sustainability, energy efficiency, web, social sciences, finance, and verification."

"In response to feedback from course delegates this third edition has been revised throughout. It expands on the second edition with new and updated examples in the chapters on arithmetic, i/o, character data, modules, data structuring and generic programming with minor updates to the rest of the chapters. Key Features· lots of clear, simple examples highlighting the core language features  of modern Fortran including data typing, array processing,  control structures, functions, subroutines, modules,  user defined types, pointers, operator overloading, generic programming, object oriented programming and parallel programming· pinpoints common problems that occur when programming· illustrates the use of several compilers· with better standards conformance in compilers  there are new examples illustrating the following major features:- C Interop- IEEE arithmetic- parameterised derived typesIntroduction to Programming with Fortran will appeal to the complete beginner, existing Fortran programmers wishing to update their code and those with programming experience in other languages.Ian Chivers and Jane Sleightholme are the joint owners of comp-fortran-90 which is a lively forum for the exchange of technical details of the Fortran language. Ian is the editor of the ACM Fortran Forum, and Jane and Ian have both been involved in the Fortran standardisation process. The authors have been teaching and supporting Fortran and related areas for over 40 years and their latest book reflects the lessons that have been learnt from this."

"We specifically focus on the following issues: 1. An important question when modeling continuous optimization problems is how we should handle overconstrained problems, i.e. problems that have no solutions. 2. Users of a programming language often want a rich language that is easy to model in. 3. A well-known technique for solving ASP consists of translating a program P to a propositional theory whose models exactly correspond to the answer sets of P. "