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"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui status gizi kelompok lanjut usia yang menderita hiperlipidemia. Suatu studi dengan rancangan ‘cross sectional’ dilakukan di 4 kota besar di Indonesia dengan menggunakan metoda ‘multistage random sampling’. Jumlah responden 656 orang lanjut usia hiperlipidemia dan non- hiperlipidemia, yang merupakan sub-sampel dari 1261 responden pada penelitian yang lebih besar. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran antropometri dan analisa biokimia darah. Penentuan status gizi menggunakan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dengan kriteria, berat badan kurang IMT ≤ 18.5 kg/m2, berat badan normal IMT 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2, berat badan lebih IMT 25 – 29.9 kg/m2, dan obesitas IMT ≥ 30 kg/m2. Untuk menentukan status lemak darah, kriteria yang digunakan, hiperlipidemia adalah yang kadar total kolesterolnya ≥ 240 mg/dl dan atau kadar trigliseridanya ≥ 200 mg/dl. Prevalensi hiperlipidemia pada lanjut usia wanita lebih tinggi dari pria. Status gizi lanjut usia dengan hiperlipidemia pada umumnya adalah berat badan lebih (60.4%) dan obesitas (57.1%) pada lanjut usia pria; dan terutama dengan berat badan normal (59.1%) dan berat badan lebih (59.5%) pada lanjut usia wanita. Prevalensi hiperlipidemia diantara lanjut usia pria dan wanita dengan berat badan kurang didapatkan cukup tinggi, masing-masing 38.7% dan 31.6%. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 97-100)

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The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional status of hyperlipidemics elderly. A cross sectional study was undertaken in 4 big cities in Indonesia using multistage random sampling. The respondents were 656 hyperlipidemics and non hyperlipidemics elderly who were the subsample of 1261 sample of a larger population study. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements and biochemical blood analysis. To determine the nutritional status by Body Mass Index (BMI) the criteria used for elderly men and women are as follows, underweight BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2, normoweight BMI 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2, overweight BMI 25 – 29.9 kg/m2, and obese BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. To determine lipid status, the criteria used are as follows, hyperlipidemics elderly, those who had plasma total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl and or triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dl. Prevalence of hyperlipidemics in elderly women is higher then elderly men, 56.2% vs 47.0%. The BMI of hyperlipidemics is mostly overweight (60.4%) and obese (57.1%) for elderly men; and mostly normoweight (59.1%) and overweight (59.5%) for elderly women. The prevalence of hyperlipidemics among undernourished elderly men and women were also quite high, 38.7% and 31.6% respectively. (Med J Indones 2004; 14: 97-100)"

"Cardiovascular disease has become the first cause of death. Highest morbidity is found in the age, and among cardiovascular diseases, prevalence of hypertension is the highest. Many studies on the relationship between nutritional factors and hypertension have been done, but studies to observe determinants of hypertension in Indonesia are lacking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elaborate information on various hypertension risk factors in the Indonesian elderly, which will allow the policy makers to provide appropriate intervention programs.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate various determinants of hypertension in the Indonesian elderly with different nutritional status.

A cross sectional study was undertaken in Jakarta and 5 other cities with total sample of 1261 elderly using multistage random sampling. Subjects were recruited from elderly population in Jakarta, Padang, Bandung, Jogyakarta, Denpasar and Makasar. Data were collected through interview using structured questionnaires, anthropometrics measurements, biochemical blood and urine analysis, and blood pressure measurements. Daily nutrients intake was analyzed using WorldFood2 Dietary Assessment Program. Data were analyzed by using SPSS programs for Windows version 7.5; General Linear Model, Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the predictive power of independent variables for outcome variables. Prevalence of hypertension found in the study was quite high, more than 50% of the study population for both men and women. This study showed significant differences of determinant and predictive factors of blood pressure between elderly with Body Mass Index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2 and BMI? 25 kg/m2. Prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was higher in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/lm2 than in the elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2. BMI was a significant determinant for diastolic blood pressure in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. There was a positive association between blood pressure and Waist to hip ratio (WHR) irrespective of BMI value.

Plasma LDL cholesterol >160 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.5 to 2 times in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension 1.5 times. Plasma triglycerides > 200 mg/dl increased the risk of having systolic hypertension 1.7 and 2.5 times in elderly with BMI 25 kg/m2 and in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2 respectively, after the age of 65 years and increased the risk of having diastolic hypertension Ft, 1.7 times. Ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol > 5 increased the risk of having hypertension 1.8 times in elderly with BMI? 25 kg/m2. Plasma HDL cholesterol < 35 mg/dl in elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 increased the risk of hypertension approximately 2.4 times. In elderly with BMI < 25 kgmm2, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure. Cholesterol intake had positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure. Multivariate analyses in this study did not find significant correlation between energy intakes with blood pressure. Although no significant correlation was found between protein intakes with blood pressure, this study showed that arginine intake had protecting effect against hypertension. The study also showed that calcium and potassium intake had negative correlation with DBP and SBP respectively in elderly with BMI > 25 kg/m2. In elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2 sodium intake had positive correlation with SBP. This study also demonstrated that sport index had negative correlation (protecting effect) with diastolic blood pressure.

Nutrition education to elderly group should emphasize healthy nutrients with protecting effect against hypertension and avoid nutrients with positive correlation to hypertension. Suggestion for sodium restriction especially in the elderly with BMI < 25 kg/m2, and proper physical/sport activity as a protecting factor against hypertension is very important for the elderly. Regular check of blood pressure and plasma lipid should be conducted and Public Health Centers equipped with appropriate laboratory facilities, for early detection of hypertensive risk factors. BMI category should be considered in hypertension program since there were differences of determinant factors of hypertension between different categories of BMI. Future studies should be directed on public health and nutrition intervention to the elderly community."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Lansia merupakan kelompok yang berisiko tinggi untuk terjadinya malnutrisi. Selain merupakan akibat dari penyakit yang diderita, malnutrisi pada lansia juga menjadi penyebab tingginya angka kesakitan pada lansia. Mengingat hal tersebut diperlukan suatu instrumen yang sahih dan dapat diandalkan untuk menilai status gizi lansia yang tinggal di komunitas.Tujuan. Mendapatkan kuesioner MNA-SF berbahasa Indonesia yang sahih dan andal untuk digunakan oleh kader posbindu untuk menapis status gizi lansia di komunitas.Metodologi. Responden berusia ge;60 tahun yang datang ke posbindu menjalani wawancara oleh ahli gizi dan kader posbindu. Wawancara ulang oleh kader posbindu dilakukan satu sampai dua minggu kemudian. Selanjutnya dihitung korelasi antara skor total MNA dengan MNA-SF, skor total MNA-SF pemeriksaan pertama dan kedua, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient MNA-SF hasil penilaian ahli gizi dan penilaian kader serta cronbach rsquo;? MNA-SF.Hasil. Penelitian diikuti oleh 92 responden dengan median usia 67 tahun. Korelasi sedang didapatkan antara skor total MNA-SF IMT indeks massa tubuh penilaian kader dengan skor total MNA r=0,491;p

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ABSTRACTBackground. Eldery is highly succeptible group to suffer from malnutrition. Malnutrition in elderly can be the result of disease that they suffered from. It also become the cause of high morbidity. Along with that matter, we need a valid and reliable instrument to assess nutritional status among community dwelling elderly.Objective. To a get valid and reliable Indonesian MNA SF to be used by social workers to screen nutritional status in community dwelling elderly.Methodology. Respondents aged ge 60 years old who came to ldquo posbindu rdquo were interviewed by nutritionist by using MNA. The interview then continued by social workers by using Indonesian MNA SF. Re interview by social workers was held 1 2 weeks later. After data were collected we calculate corellation between MNA and MNA SF total score, MNA SF total score in the first and second examination and cronbach rsquo s .Result. Ninety two respondents were included in this study. Median age was 67 years old. Moderate corellation was observed between BMI Body Mass Index MNA SF total score assessed by social workers and MNA total score r 0.491 p"

"Ketersediaan data tentang faktor?faktor yang berhubungan dengan metabolik sindrom pada kelompok lanjut usia di Indonesia sangat terbatas. Data tersebut sangat diperlukan dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit kardiovaskular. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prevalensi metabolik sindrom dan hubungan pengukuran antropometrik, profil lipid, tekanan darah, asupan makanan dan aktifitas fisik dengan metabolik sindrom pada kelompok lanjut usia. Suatu studi dengan rancangan ?cross sectional? dilakukan di Jakarta dengan menggunakan metoda ?multistage random sampling?. Jumlah responden 352 orang lanjut usia wanita dan 137 orang lanjut usia pria. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran antropometri, analisa biokimia darah, analisa asupan makanan dan pengukuran indeks aktivitas. Prevalensi metabolik adalah 18.2% pada lanjut usia wanita dan 6.6% pada lanjut usia pria. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa pada lanjut usia yang mempunyai berat badan berlebih, risiko untuk mempunyai metabolik sindrom hampir empat kali lebih tinggi dibanding lanjut usia dengan indeks masa tubuh normal (rasio odds suaian = 3.98; 95% confidence interval 2.23 - 7.10). Lanjut usia dengan plasma total kolesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl, risiko untuk mendapatkan metabolik sindrom 2.7 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang mempunyai plasma total kolesterol < 240 mg/dl. Sementara lanjut usia yang mempunyai rasio total kolesterol terhadap HDL kolesterol ≥ 5, risiko untuk menderita metabolik sindrom dua kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan yang rasionya < 5. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa pemeriksaan profil lipid, pengukuran tekanan darah dan pengukuran antropometrik sederhana yang teratur pada kelompok lanjut usia penting dilakukan untuk mendeteksi risiko terjadinya sindroma metabolik. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:195-200)

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Available data on metabolic syndrome amongst the aged Indonesian population are limited, despite the importance of these data for cardio vascular disease (CVD) preventive measures. The objective of this study was to assess prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the associations between anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles, blood pressure, nutrient intakes and physical activity and metabolic syndrome in the elderly. A cross-sectional study was undertaken from January to April 2000 at selected Public Health Centers in Jakarta using multistage random sampling. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements, biochemical blood analysis, nutrient intake assessment and activity index. The subjects consisted of 352 females and 137 males. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among females was 18.2% and 6.6% in males. This study shows metabolic syndrome was associated with gender, body mass index, total cholesterol and the ratio of total to HDL-cholesterol. Elderly who were overweight based on body mass index (BMI) had almost a four-fold increased risk for metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratio = 3.98; 95% confidence interval 2.23 - 7.10). Those who had plasma total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl had a 2.7 times greater risk of having metabolic syndrome than those with plasma total cholesterol < 240 mg/dl. Furthermore, in terms of the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, those who had a ratio ≥ 5 compared to a ratio < 5 had two-fold increased risk for metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, this study shows the importance of routine checks of lipid profile, blood pressure and simple anthropometric assessment to detect the risk of metabolic syndrome in the elderly. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:195-200)"

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui determinan tekanan darah sistolik pada kelompok lanjut usia pria. Suatu studi dengan rancangan 'cross sectional' dilakukan di 4 kota besar di Indonesia dengan menggunakan inetoda 'multistage random sampling'. Jumlah responden 320 orang lanjut usia pria, yang merupakan sub-sampel dari 981 responden pada penelitian yang lebih besar. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengukuran antropometri, analisa biokimia darah, analisa asupan makanan, dan pengukitran indeks aktivitas dan angka stress. Penentuan determinan tekanan darah sistolik pada kelompok lanjut usia pria, dilakukan dengan menggunakan 2 tehnik analisa statistik multivariat; regesi linear ganda langsung pada independen variabe! awal, dan regesi linear ganda yang dilakukan pada komponen-komponen yang dihasilkan dari analisa faktor. Kedua tehnik analisa statistik ini menghasilkan gatnbaran detenninan tekanan darah sistolik yang lidak bertentangan. Analisa regesi linear ganda langsung pada independen variabel awal menghasilkan massa lemak tubuh, dan LDL kolesterol sebagai determinan tekanan darah sistolik pada lanjut usia pria. Analisa regesi linear ganda menggunakan komponen-komponen yang dihasilkan dari analisa faktor menghasilkan massa lemak tubuh, indeks massa mbuh, junilah massa lemak bawah kulit dan lingkar perut sebagai detenninan tekanan darah sistolik pada lanjut usia pria. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:115-20)

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The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of systolic blood pressure in elderly men. A cross sectional study was undertaken in 4 big cities in Indonesia using multistage random sampling. The respondents were 320 elderly men who were the sub-sample of 981 sample of a larger population study. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements, biochemical blood analysis, nutrient intake assessment, activity index and stress score. Two type of statistical analysis techniques were used to determine the determinants of systolic blood pressure in elderly men; multiple regression analysis and factor analysis. This study shows thai determinants of systolic blood pressure, analyzed with these two types of analysis, multiple regression and factor analysis, resulting in no contradictory result. Direct multiple regression analysis to all independent variables showed that there was correlation between systolic blood pressure with fat mass, and LDL cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis to components resulting from factor analysis showed that there was positive correlation between systolic blood pressure with fat mass, body mass index (BMI), sum of skin-folds and waist circumference. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:115-20)"

"This cross sectional study in the Philippines, is a part of CRONOS study. Data on dietary intake, anthropometry, biochemical assessment and socio - economic and self perceived health status were collected from 300 elderly Filipino men and women between 60-75 years old in middle income and low income areas in Metro Manila and rural areas in Rizal province during the period of October to November 1996.Results of dietary intake showed both sexes had very low intakes of energy nutrients. Rural elderly for both sexes had low intakes of energy and nutrients compared with urban middle income and urban low income.Anthropometric finding showed that rural elderly had lower nutritional status as compared to urban elderly. Chronic energy deficiency was higher in male than female elderly. A high prevalence of anemia (38%) among male elderly was also found to exist. A high prevalence of hypertension was also observed in the urban low income elderly (33%).Majority of the elderly rated their self rated health as good and fair. The reported self perceived diseases common among the elderly were arthritis, cough, and hypertension.Previous jobs engaged by the elderly were mostly blue collar jobs and owing to loss of income, most elderly are dependent on their families for support."

"Kelebihan berat badan dan Obesitas adalah suatu masalah kesehatan yang sedang bertumbuh pesat, terutama pada negara-negara berkembang. Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) adalah suatu indeks sederhana dari berat badan per tinggi badan yang sering digunakan untuk mengklasifikasi kelebihan berat badan dan obesitas pada orang dewasa. Mahasiswa kedokteran, terutama mahasiswa kedokteran dari Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (FMUI) rentan mendapatkan masalah kelebihan berat badan. Studi ini adalah sebuah cross-sectional study yang membandingkan fungsi faal paru (FVC, FEV1, dan FEV1/FVC) antara individu-individu yang berberat badan normal atau kurang dengan individu-individu yang kelebihan berat badan ataupun obese. Didapatkan jumlah sampel sebesar 40 subjek yang terdiri dari 22 orang laki-laki dan 18 orang perempuan yang menunjukkan nilai FVC dan FEV1 yang lebih tinggi pada orang yang mengalami kelebihan berat badan ataupun obesitas pada laki-laki dan perempuan dibandingkan dengan mereka yang diklasifikasikan sebagai berberat badan normal atau kurang. Namun, persentase FEV1/FVC lebih rendah pada grup laki-laki dan perempuan yang kelebihan berat badan atau obese dibandingkan dengan laki-laki dan perempuan yang berberat badan normal atau kurang. Perbedaan-perbedaan yang telah dijabarkan di atas tersebut bagaimanapun juga tidak signifikan secara statistic, kecuali pada skor FVC di grup laki-laki antara individu berberat badan normal atau kurang dengan individu-individu yang kelebihan berat badan ataupun obese (p=0.031). Riset lanjutan yang lebih mendalam dalam lingkup efek dari IMT terhadap fungsi faal paru masih sangat dibutuhkan dan riset ini dapat menjadi sebuah studi pendahuluan untuk riset yang lebih baik di masa yang akan datang.

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Overweight and obesity is currently a growing health problem, especially in developing countries. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults. Medical students, especially student of Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia (FMUI), are prone to get overweight problems.

This study was a cross-sectional study which compares lung function (FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC) between normal and underweight people with overweight or obese people. Total of 40 subjects which comprised of 22 males and 18 females were obtained, which shows higher FVC and FEV1 score for overweight or obese males and females compared to their counterparts. The FEV1/FVC percentage on the other hand, was lower in overweight or obese group than in normal or underweight group.

The differences however, was not statistically significant, except for FVC score in males group (p=0.031). Further research on the field of BMI effect on lung function is still largely needed and this research might act as a preliminary study for the greater good."

"Omega-3 dan omega-6 berperan penting dalam kehamilan, asam lemak esensial yang saling terkait ini, berperan penting dalam penentuan masa gestasi ibu, pertumbuhan perilaku serta pembentukan saraf pusat janin, sehingga perlu dijaga rasio kadarnya. Angka gizi lebih semakin meningkat di Indonesia, dan diduga berpengaruh terhadap kadar omega-3 dan omega-6. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan kadar omega-3 dan omega-6 serum dengan status gizi berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh ibu hamil trimester satu dalam rangka menurunkan angka kurangnya keseimbangan omega-3 dan omega-6 di Indonesia. Jumlah subjek penelitian adalah 70 ibu hamil trimester satu, menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dan simple random sampling. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh 57,1% subjek mengalami gizi lebih dan 7,1% mengalami gizi kurang. Kadar ALA 173,37 (1,18-724) μg/ml, EPA 9,74 (0,06-166) μg/ml, DHA 15,45 (1,2-96) μg/ml, total n-3 199,65 (22,7-776,51) μg/ml, LA 1849,93 (119-8986) μg/ml, ARA 263,48 (21-993) μg/ml, total n-6 2114,24 (210-9643) μg/ml dan perbandingan n-3:n-6 1:10 (1:20-1:2,7). Uji Spearman menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi bermakna antara kadar omega-3 dan omega-6 dengan indeks massa tubuh, Uji chi square antara rasio omega-3:omega-6 dengan Indeks massa tubuh tidak menunjukkan korelasi bermakna, p 0,307. Perlu perubahan asupan makanan lebih kaya omega-3 untuk mengatasi kekurangan rasio omega-3 dan omega-6 seiring mengurangi angka gizi lebih.

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Omega-3 and omega-6 are important for pregnant mother. Those essential fatty acid affect gestation time, fetal behavior and central nervous system development. Overnutrition is becoming problem in Indonesia and nutritional status seems to have role in determining omega-3 and omega-6 serum level. This research observe the association between nutritional status and the serum level of omega-3 and omega-6 with the goal to reduce omega-3 and omega-6 deficiency in Indonesia. There are 70 subject of first semester pregnant woman. This study is done using cross sectional design with simple random sampling. It is found that 57.1% have overweight and 7.1% have underweight. Serum level of ALA 173.37 (1.18-724) μg/ml, EPA 9.74 (0.06-166) μg/ml, DHA 15.45 (1.2-96) μg/ml, total n-3 199.65 (22.7-776.51) μg/ml, LA 1849.93 (119-8986) μg/ml, ARA 263.48 (21-993) μg/ml, total n-6 2114.24 (210-9643) μg/ml and ratio of n-3:n-6 1:10 (1:20-1:2.7). Spearman correlation test shown no significant correlation between any omega-3 and omega-6 serum level with BMI. Chi square between omega-3 and omega-6 ratio does not shown significant correlation with BMI category, p 0.307. Modification of food intake with higher omega-3 is needed to reduce deficiency in omega-3 and omega-6 ratio while reducing overweight case."

"Kebanyakan Negara-negara Asia seperti Indonesia, masyarakat meyakini bahwa merawat anggota keluarga yang sudah lansia merupakan beban moral dan bentuk bakti. Hal ini menjadikan populasi lansia yang tinggal bersama dengan keluarga menjadi sangat tinggi khususnya di Kota Depok. Penurunan fungsi fisiologis dan kognitif yang dialami lansia dapat mengakibatkan lansia mengalami malnutrisi dan membutuhkan dukungan orang lain khususnya keluarga untuk membantu memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis dan psikologisnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan dukungan keluarga dengan status nutrisi lansia dengan desain penelitian cross sectional terhadap 120 lansia di Kota Depok dengan metode conveniece sampling sebagai metode pengambilan sampel. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Perceived Social Support – Family untuk mengukur tingkat dukungan keluarga yang diterima lansia dan Mini Nutritional Assessment untuk mengukur status nutrisi lansia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dukungan keluarga yang diterima lansia cenderung baik dengan skor median 52 dari 60 dan status nutrisi lansia mencapai 51.70% nutrisi baik. Hasil analisis bivariat menggunakan Uji Kruskall Wallis dan Post Hoc menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan status nutrisi lansia di Kota Depok. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sumber belajar akademisi ataupun sumber rujukan untuk penelitian selanjutnya serta pengembangan pelayanan keperawatan.

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Most Asian countries such as Indonesia, the community believes that taking care of elderly family members is a moral obligation and a form of devotion. This has resulted in a high population of elderly living with their families, particularly in Depok City. The physiological and cognitive decline experienced by the elderly can lead to malnutrition, necessitating support from others, especially family, to meet their physiological and psychological needs. This study aims to identify the relationship between family support and the nutritional status of the elderly using a cross-sectional research design involving 120 elderly in Depok City. Convenience sampling was used as the sampling method. The instruments used were the Perceived Social Support - Family scale to measure the level of family support received by the elderly and the Mini Nutritional Assessment to evaluate the nutritional status of the elderly. The research findings indicate that the elderly receive good family support, with a median score of 52 out of 60, and the nutritional status of the elderly reaches 51.70% as "good" nutrition. Bivariate analysis using the Kruskall-Wallis test and Post Hoc analysis reveals a significant difference in family support between elderly individuals with good nutritional status and those at risk of malnutrition or malnourished in Depok City. The results of this study can serve as a learning resource for academics and as a reference for further research and the development of nursing services."