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"Masalah penyakit diare dapat dikendalikan melalui faktor lingkungan dan perilaku yang baik. Departemen Kesehatan telah membuat suatu indikator sederhana untuk menilai potensi kesehatan keluarga dengan Indeks Potensi Keluarga Sehat (IPKS). Studi ini bertujuan untuk menilai apakah IPKS dan indikator lain berpengaruh terhadap risiko diare. Data penelitian ini didapat dari hasil survei oleh tim peneliti Program Magister Kedokteran Keluarga Universitas Sebelas Maret pada bulan Agustus sampai September 2003 di antara keluarga miskin di lima propinsi yang memperoleh proyek Kesehatan Keluarga dan Gizi (KKG). Subjek terdiri dari 1500 kepala keluarga miskin yang dipilih dengan tahapan berjenjang dan secara acak. Pengisian kuesioner dan obervasi oleh tim peneliti secara langsung di rumah subjek. Keluarga yang menggunakan sumber air bersih dari ledeng dan sumur yang dibangun selama proyek KKG berlangsung berisiko 66% penyakit diare dibandingkan dengan yang menggunakan sumber air selain ledeng dan sumur (rasio odds suaian = 0,34; 95% interval kepercayaan = 0,16-0,70). Di samping itu, keluarga yang membuang sampah di lubang, selokan, sungai atau ditimbun mempunyai risiko diare sebanyak 2 kali lipat dibandingkan dengan keluarga yang mempunyai tempat sampah khusus. Untuk menurunkan risiko diare, diperlukan penyediaan sumber air sumur dan ledeng, dan bak tempat pembinaan sampah. Penggunaan kriteria rumah tidak terbuka dari tanah sebagai salah satu IPKS dalam pencegahan diare perlu penelitian lanjut. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 119-26)

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The problem of diarrhea can be controlled through environmental factors and good habits. The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia has designed a simple indicator to evaluate the family health potential, the Family Health Potential Index (FHPI). This study aims to evaluate the effect of FHPI and other indicators on the risk of diarrhea. The data were obtained through a survey carried out by a team from the Family Physician Studies, Graduate Program of the Universitas Sebelas Maret. The survey was held from August to September 2003 in 5 provinces receiving the Family Health and Nutrition (FHN) project. The subjects were 1500 heads of poor families chosen by stratified random sampling. Interviews and observations were carried out by special trained interviewers and held in the subjects’ homes. The use of potable water from the water system and well source built during the FHN project lowered the risk of diarrhea by 66% compared to the use of water from other sources (adjusted odds ratio= 0.34; 95% confidence interval = 0.16 - 0.70). Disposing of garbage using pits, sewers, rivers, or simply burying in the ground, increased the risk of diarrhea by twice compared with the specific method. Providing potable water from the water system or well and proving special tank for garbage disposal were important in order to lower the risk of occurrence diarrhea in a family. The use of non-dirt floors of houses as an FHPI specifically for diarrhea should be studied further. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 119-26)"

"Diare masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang cukup serius di Kabupaten Bogor. Angka kejadian diare tinggi dalam 5 tahun terakhir dan menimbulkan KLB. Pada tahun 2009 terjadi KLB diare di kecamatan Cigudeg, Cisarua, dan Megamendung dengan CFR 0,78% serta tahun 2010 terjadi lagi di Sukamanah, angka kematian diare 1,82%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko diare di Kecamatan Cisarua, Cigudeg dan Megamendung Kabupaten Bogor. Disain penelitian adalah kasus kontrol, kasus adalah penderita diare yang tercatat dalam register puskesmas selama 14 hari terakhir waktu penelitian berlangsung dan kontrol adalah penduduk yang tidak menderita diare, tetangga kasus. Jumlah sampel kasus 110 responden dan kontrol 110 responden. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara langsung menggunakan kuesioner. Kuesioner berisikan pertanyaan tentang karateristik responden (jenis kelamin, pendidikan dan pekerjaan), perilaku cuci tangan, higiene sanitasi makanan, serta faktor lingkungan (jenis lantai, sumber air bersih, penanganan sampah dan pembuangan tinja) dan kualitas bakteriologis air bersih. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara higiene sanitasi makanan dengan kejadian diare (nilai p<0,004) dan Odds Ratio2,222 pada 95% interval kepercayaan 1,284-3,485. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah faktor risiko yang paling dominan adalah higiene sanitasi makanan minuman.

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Diarrhea disease remains serious public health problems in Bogor Regency. Diarrhea morbidity is higher for the last 5 years and occurrence of outbreaks. In 2009, outbreaks of diarrhea in the Cisarua, Cigudeg and Megamendung district with Case Fatality Rate 0,78%, also in 2010 outbreak of diarrhea occurred again in Sukamanah with diarrhea mortality rates by 1,82%.

This study aims to analyze the risk factor diarrhea in Cisarua, Cigudeg dan Megamendung sub district, Bogor regency. This study has a case-control design, samples are suffer diarrhoea and registered health center for 14 days research and the controls are not person who were not suffer of diarrhoea, neighbour of case. There were 110 cases and 110 controls.

The information were collected by interviews using a structured questionnaire. These included demographic characteristic respondents (gender, education and employment), the behavior of hand washing, food hygiene and sanitation, environmental factor (clean water, waste handling, disposal of feces and type of floor), and the bacteriological quality of water.

The results of the multivariate analysis showed factors associated with occorence of diarrhea is food hygiene and sanitation (p value =0,004) and odds ratio (OR) 2,222 at confidence interval 1,284-3,845.

The conclusion risk factor dominant association with diarrhoea is food hygiene and sanitation."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang. Kejadian diare di wilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas Cisaat terhitung masih tinggi dengan total kejadian diare yang terjadi pada tahun 2017 adalah 1924 kasus. Kejadian diare di Desa Cisaat dengan 245 kasus, Desa Sukamanh 534 kasus, Desa Cibatu 274 kasus, Desa Sukasari 306 kasus, Desa Nagrak 260 kasus, dan Desa Sukaresmi 305 kasus. Presentase kepemilikan jamban di willayah UPTD Puskesmas Cisaat tahun 2017 60,9 , ketersediaan tempat sampah 79,6 , dan sarana air bersih 78,4 . Metode.Penelitin ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional untuk melihat hubungan variabel dependen dan independen dan menggunakan data primer yang diambil dalam waktu bersamaan. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 100 responden yang merupakan ibu rumah tangga. Data dianalisis secara bivariat dengan chi square. Hasil. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa variabel karakteristik individu yang terdiri dari pendidikan, pendapatan, pengetahuan, dan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat PHBS tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian diare di wilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas Cisaat. Selain itu variabel lingkungan yang juga diteliti meliputi pewadahan sampah, pengangkutan sampah, air bersih, dan sarana jamban keluarga juga tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian diare. Simpulan. Tidak ada hubungan pengetahuan, pendidikan, pendapatan, phbs, pewadahan sampah, pengangkutan sampah, air bersih dan sarana jamban.

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ABSTRACTBackground. As the largest waste producer, households have a potential health risks that caused by unstructured waste management behavior. The objective of this research is to analyze the association between respondent characteristic and environment factors towards the incidence of diarrhea in UPTD Puskesmas Cisaat working area. Methods. The design of this study is cross sectional to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables using primary data taken at the same time. The subjects of the study are 100 respondents who are housewifes. The data collected in this research are analyzed bivariate using chi square. Result. The result of this research shows that individual characteristic variable which consist of education, income, knowledge, and also clean and healthy living behavior PHBS has no significant association with the incidence of diarrhea in UPTD Puskesmas Cisaat working area. In addition, environmental variables including waste collection, waste transportation, clean water, and family toilet facilities are also has no significant association with the incidence of diarrhea. Conclusion. There is no have a significant relationship between education, knowladge, salary, health behaviour, waste management, and sanitation with the incidence of diarrhea in the UPTD Puskesmas Cisaat working area 2018.Keywords waste, household, diarrhea"

"Bakteri Escherichia coli yang banyak mengakibatkan pencemaran air minum di Indonesia didisinfeksi menggunakan teknologi ozon dan sinar UV dalam penelitian ini, khususnya untuk mengatasi masalah penyediaan air minum. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan variasi waktu disinfeksi, ada atau tidaknya sinar UV pada penelitian, dan laju alir keluaran pompa. Semua hasilnya, yaitu yang berhubungan dengan jumlah koloni E. coli dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode TPC (Total Plate Count). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, jumlah bakteri setelah proses disinfeksi menunjukkan penurunan yang cukup signifikan baik menggunakan ozon saja, sinar UV saja, ataupun keduanya, terutama pada waktu disinfeksi selama 3 menit. Pada sistem sirkulasi, teknologi yang paling optimal untuk proses disinfeksi adalah sinergi antara teknologi ozon dan sinar UV terbukti dengan jumlah bakteri sama dengan 0 setelah proses disinfeksi selama 30 menit pada sampel air keran. Sedangkan untuk sistem kontinyu teknologi yang paling efektif untuk proses disinfeksi adalah sinar UV terbukti dengan jumlah bakteri sama dengan 0 setelah proses disinfeksi dengan laju alir 1,5 LPM pada sampel air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK).

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Escherichia coli bacteria are a lot of lead contamination of drinking water in Indonesia disinfected using ozone technology and UV light in this experiment, particularly to address the problem of water supply. The experiment was carried out by the variation of time disinfection, presence or absence of UV light on the research, and the pump output flow rate. All the results, which are related to the number of colonies of E. coli analyzed by using the method of TPC (Total Plate Count).

Based on the results of the experiment, the number of bacteria after disinfection show a significant decline either using ozone alone, UV alone, or both, especially at the time of disinfection for 3 minutes. The circulatory system, the most optimal technology for the disinfection process is a synergy between ozone technology and UV light proven by the number of bacteria equal to 0 after the disinfection process for 30 minutes in tap water samples. As for the continuous system the most effective technology for UV disinfection is proven by the number of bacteria equal to 0 after disinfection with a flow rate of 1.5 LPM on samples of bottled water (bottled water)."

"Setiap tahun penularan penyakit melalui jalur fecal-oral, termasuk diare telah menyebabkan banyak kematian, khususnya pada anak-anak di dunia. Pemeriksaan kualitas mikroba air dirasa tidak cukup untuk menggambarkan secara akurat tingkat risiko diare. Hal ini dikarenakan faktor sanitasi dan perilaku higiene juga berperan penting dalam rantai penularan penyakit diare. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai gambaran atau potret ketersediaan sarana sanitasi dan perilaku hidup bersih sehat (PHBS) pada masyarakat serta hubungannya dengan kejadian diare. Disain studi yang digunakan adalah potong lintang (cross sectional). Peneliti melakukan penilaian terhadap kondisi fasilitas sanitasi dan perilaku masyarakat dengan menggunakan data Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) di 9 kelurahan di Kota Depok. Pada setiap kelurahan diambil 60 rumah tangga sebagai sampel sehingga jumlah responden yang digunakan adalah 540 rumah tangga. Kuesioner dan lembar observasi digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi fasilitas sanitasi dan perilaku masyarakat serta kejadian diare. Ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara pengolahan sampah rumah tangga [OR = 0,42 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0,23-0,76)], perilaku cuci tangan pakai sabun [OR = 4,93 (3,11-7,82)], dan perilaku buang air besar sembarangan [OR = 6,61 (2,03-21,58)] dengan kejadian diare. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah kondisi fasilitas sanitasi (pengolahan sampah rumah tangga) dan kebiasaan higiene (cuci tangan pakai sabun dan buang air besar sembarangan) masyarakat memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian diare pada masyarakat.

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Each year the transmission of disease through fecal-oral route, including diarrhea has caused many deaths, especially among children in the world. Examination of the microbial quality of water is not sufficient to accurately describe the level of risk of diarrhea . This is because the factors of sanitation and hygiene behavior also play an important role in the transmission of diarrheal diseases. Therefore it is necessary to do research on a picture or portrait of availability of sanitation facilities and hygienic behavior of healthy in society and its relationship with the incidence of diarrhea. We used cross-sectional study design.

We conducted an assessment of the condition of sanitation facilities and people's behavior by using Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) data in 9 villages in Depok. In each village 60 households taken as a sample so that the number of respondents used was 540 households. Questionnaires and observation sheets are used to determine the condition of sanitation facilities and people's behavior and the incidence of diarrhea.

We found a significant relationship between household sewage treatment [ OR = 0.42 (95 % confidence interval ( CI ), 0.23-0.76) ], the behavior of handwashing with soap [ OR = 4.93 (3.11 -7.82) ], and defecation behavior [ OR = 6.61 (2.03 to 21.58) ] with the incidence of diarrhea. From the result we can conclude that the condition of sanitation facilities ( household waste ) and hygiene habits (washing hands with soap and defecation ) people have a relationship with the incidence of diarrhea in the community ."

"Background: One of the causes of chronic diarrhea is pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Chronic diarrhea cases are commonly encountered in Indonesia.Materials & Methods: All patients with chronic diarrhea at hospitals in Jakarta were included in this study and dyspeptic patients were used as control subjects. The study and control subjects must submit their stool for fecal pancreatic elastase-1 examination at a private laboratory in Jakarta. Mild/moderate pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was defined if the concentration was between 100 - 200 [ig El/g stool. Severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was defined if the concentration was below 100 [ig El/g stool. The data was analyzed using Fisher or Kruskal-Wallis tests.Results: There were 32 chronic diarrhea patients with a male to female ratio of 19/13 (59.38%/40.62%). The most frequent age range was 50-59 years old (39.5%). The characteristics (sex, age and race) of chronic diarrhea patients were matched with the characteristics of dyspeptic patients as control subjects (p > 0.05). The fecal elastase-1 results in chronic diarrhea displayed greater pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (< 200 fig El/g stool) than in dyspepsia (control) (>_ 200 fj,g El/g stool, p < 0.001). The mean fecal elastase-1 result in chronic diarrhea and in dyspepsia were 316.29 ±_ 195.44 vs. 475.93 +. 65.33 fig El/g stool (p < 0.001). Six patients (18.74%) were established as having severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Seven patients (21.88%) were found with mild/moderate pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.Conclusion: Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was found frequently in chronic diarrhea."

"Insidens diare kronik di Asia berkisar antara 0,8 ? 1,0%. Lokasi penyakit dan kelainan yang menimbulkan diare kronik dapat dibagi atas 3 kelompok yaitu usus halus, usus besar dan ekstra intestinal. Penyakit-penyakit pada usus halus terdiri dari infeksi dan non-infeksi. Penyakit-penyakit infeksi antara lain yaitu infeksi bakterial, infeksi parasit dll. Penyakit-penyakit non-infeksi yang menimbulkan diare kronik a.l. penyakit Crohn, ?Celiac sprue?, enteropati OAINS, intoleransi laktose, tumor jinak, tumor karsinoid, karsinoma, komplikasi pasca bedah, obat laksatif dll. Pendekatan diagnosis terdiri dari anamnesis riwayat penyakit yang baik, pemeriksaan fisik yang teliti, laboratorium penunjang, laboratorium penunjang yang lebih spesifik termasuk foto rontgen kolon, foto rontgen ?esofagogastroduodenum follow-through?, ?enteroclysis?, pemeriksaan ileo-kolonoskopi dan endoskopi saluran cerna atas termasuk usus halus dengan biopsi untuk pemeriksaan histopatologi. Pengobatan diare kronik dibagi atas pengobatan suportif dan kausal. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 179-89)

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The incidence of chronic diarrhea in Asia is between 0.8 ? 1.0%. The diseases and abnormalities according to the location, which can cause chronic diarrhea, are divided into three locations: the small bowel, the large bowel and extraintestinal. The small bowel diseases include infectious and non-infectious diseases. The infectious diseases are bacterial infections, parasitic infections etc. The non-infectious diseases include of Crohn?s disease, Celiac sprue, NSAID enteropathy, lactose intolerance, benign tumor, carcinoid tumor, carcinoma, post surgery complications, laxative etc. The approaches to diagnosis include good anamnesis, careful physical examination, supporting laboratory tests, more specialized supporting examinations including X-ray of the colon, esophagogastroduodenum follow-through, enteroclysis, ileo-colonoscopy and endoscopy on the upper portion of the digestive tract including the small intestine with biopsy for histopathology examinations. The treatment for chronic diarrhea is divided into supportive and causal therapy. (Med J Indones 2002; 11: 179-89)"