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"Penelitian ini mengkaji variasi bentuk dan hiasan pipi tangga candi-candi di Jawa Tengah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui variasi pipi tangga yang dapat dilihat dari bentuk baik pada candi Hindu maupun Buddha. Melalui deskripsi dan klasifikasi, penelitian ini akan memaparkan hasil variasi bentuk pada pipi tangga berupa tipe pipi tangga berdasarkan pola dasar bentuk dan kombinasi komponennya, serta variasi hiasan-hiasan pada pipi tangga. Tipe-tipe pipi tangga yang diperoleh juga memberikan gambaran tipe yang sering diterapkan pada candi Hindu dan candi Buddha. Hasil klasifikasi bentuk pipi tangga juga dapat menghasilkan kronologi serta tidak mengubah peranan dan fungsi pipi tangga sebagai transisi dalam bangunan candi abad ke-8-10 M.

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This research describes the form and ornament variation of candi balustrade in Central Java. The purpose of this research is to clasify the form and balustrade variation in Hindu and Buddhist candi. Based on a description and clasification, this research describes the result of the variation specifically type of balustrade. Type is the result from combine archetype of form and component combination. This type of balustrade also describe the usually used type in Hindu and Buddhist candi. Besides that the form of balustrade can give information about chronologi and didn rsquo t change the balustrade function as transition in the 8th 10th Central Java candi."

"Candi sebagai salah satu tinggalan arkeologis dapat menjadi suatu petunjuk telah berlangsungnya aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Menurut kitab India, Shilpa Shastra dan Manasara, pembangunan candi memiliki aturan-aturan yang harus ditaati, termasuk salah satunya mengenai penilaian terhadap kondisi dan kemampuan lahan yang akan dijadikan tempat bangunan suci tersebut. Di Indonesia karakterisitik fisik suatu wilayah dapat menjadi suatu pertimbangan tersendiri di dalam proses pembangunan suatu candi. Persebaran candi di Indonesia meliputi beberapa daerah, yaitu Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, dan Kalimantan. Pulau Jawa, terutama Jawa Tengah, merupakan wilayah di Indonesia yang memiliki tinggalan budaya masa klasik berupa candi cukup banyak. Pola persebaran candi di Jawa Tengah cenderung mengelompok pada satu lokasi, yaitu Magelang. Pola persebaran candi yang mengelompok di Jawa Tengah ini memperlihatkan bahwa penempatan candi di Jawa Tengah sudah dalam batas-batas tertentu mengikuti aturan umum, seperti yang tertulis dalam kitab India, yang berlaku dalam masyarakat. Lokasi candi di Jawa Tengah umumnya berada di ketinggian 100 - 500 mdpl, lereng 2- 15%, bentuk wilayah volkan, jenis tanah andisol dengan batuan penyusun extrusive intermediate, dan berada dekat dengan sungai.

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Candi as one of the archaeological remains can be a clue already on going activities under taken by a community. According to the book of India, Shilpa Shastra and Manasara, the construction of Candi has rules that must be adhered to,including the one on the assessment of the condition and the ability of the land to be used as a place of sacred buildings. In Indonesia,the physical characteristics of an area can be a separate consideration in the process of construction of a Candi. Distribution temple covers some areas in Indonesia, like Sumatra, Java, Bali and Borneo. Java, especially Central Java,is an area in Indonesia which has a pretty much a period of cultural remains the classic form of Candi. The spatial pattern of Candi in Central Java tend to cluster in one location, namely Magelang. Clumped spatial pattern Candi in Central Java shows that Candi in Central Java placement is within the limits specified following the general rule, as writtenin the book of India, prevailing in society. Locations temple in Central Java based on the physical characteristics of the region are at an altitude of 100-500 meters above sea level, slopes 2-15%, form volcanic region, soil type andisol with extrusive rock intermediate constituent, and is close to the river."

"This paper deals with accretion of shoreline around and within Segara Anakan, an inland sea or a brakish water estuary on the SW of Central Java, based on remote sensing data, field observation and ancient maps depiciting this area. Coastal accretionary processes display two distinct models: (I) in the east, notrth, and south coast of Segara Anakan the extension takes place as gradual accretion along the existing shoreline and is quickly colonised and stabilished by magrove vegetation and (ii) in Segara Anakan new islands emerge e.g. the Api-Api Karanganyar Island and also are quickly colonised and stabilished by magrove vegetation."

"This study aimed at assessing the impact of male and female migration on women empowerment and livelihood...."

"Investigations underlying this study were carried out within the framework of the Nuffic Serayu Valley Project. To survey the disturbances of the natural balance due to environmental changes, many soil profiles have been studied; some inconsiderably detail. One of these will be discussed thoroughly. The results enabled a reconstruction of the Quaternary landscape development of the Serayu Valley to be made. The Quaternary history of Serayu River basin is characterized by a succession of stable and unstable phases in landscape development, each leaving its specific effects in soil Alternation of the landscape forming processes as well as changes in climate and vegetation types can be deduced from the soil profile investigated. During the last two centuries erosive processes prevailed as deforestation increased enormously, induced by the growing demand for arable land. Consequently, the erosion rate has multiplied and soils developed under previous environments have been largely eroded. This accelerated soil erosion has already resulted in a decrease of the available agricultural land and the rural population is forced to bring marginal areas into use."