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"INTRODUCTIONA scientific movement called the Enlightenment came to America around 1770. It originated in the same movement which had spread through Euro e after the coming of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century. During this era, people sought, explored and invented new things such as Galileo telescope, Newton's law of gravitation and so forth. This spirit of exploration began to dominate intellectual life in America and turned the pessimistic orthodox Puritan notions of the eucated classes into more liberal views. The Englightment put reason above autorithy. It encourage scientific inquiry and a eliefe in the perfectibility of man. The philosopher of the Enlightenment rejected the gloomy determinism of orthodox Puritanism that man was totally depraved and the belief in origin sin.This pessimistic notion was derived from Calvinism which believed in the divinity of God, the power of the Bible and the inscrutability of nature (Horton & Edwards, 1952: p.50)."

"Pendapat orang tentang pikiran Nathaniel Hawthorne sangat beragam. Sebagian mengatakan bahwa dia seorang Puritan sebagian yang lain menyatakan bahwa dia seorang Transendental. Karya ini mencoba untuk meneliti pikiran novelis ini dalam karya puncaknya, The Scarlet Letter, dengan tujuan untuk menampilkan sisi lain pemikirannya dari kaca mata saya selaku orang Indonesia. Mengingat pernyataan Hawthorne dalam "The Custom House", bahwa watak nenek moyangnya yang Puritan berjalinan kuat dengan wataknya, dan bahwa dia menghirup paham Transendentalisme, saya mengajukan sebuah tesis: dalam pikiran Hawthorne dalam karyanya itu terdapat ambivalensi antara Puritanisme dan Transendentalisme. Bertolak dari teori RJ Rees dalam bukunya English Literature, bahwa fungsi sastra ialah mengungkapkan dan mengkomunikasikan pikiran serta sikap pengarangannya terhadap hidup, maka untuk mencapai tujuan itu, saya menggunakan pendekatan Sejarah Biografi menurut Guerin et al, yang ditopang dengan pendekatan intrinsik menurut Rene Wellek dan Austin Warren dalam buku mereka Theory of Literature. Hasil akhir penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa pikiran Hawthorne dalam karyanya itu bersifat ambivalen antara Puritanisme dan Trasendentalisme, dengan titik berat pada Trasendentalisme."

"This paper addresses the subject of Japanese tema paku, or 'theme parks', which represent foreign countries, but it argues from the outset that these gaikoku mura ('foreign villages') are a more sophisticated form of cultural display than the English title would suggest. Drawing on a somewhat experimental anthropological approach, which is explained in the body of the paper, it seeks to identify common features in a variety of examples, and these are then examined both in a global perspective and in the context of local Japanese historical and cultural influences. It is argued that the parks are more comparable with museums and world fairs than with post-modern interpretations of Disneyland, but there are also precursors in Japanese gardens and other arts that make them an especially interesting site for further serious anthropological analysis."