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"Forty-five isolates of endophytic fungi from six Indonesian medicinal plant stems such as sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata [Burm.f.] Ness), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus [Blume] Miq), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L), sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav), sirih hitam (Piper betle L), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King) have been isolated and screened. Fermentation was conducted over 14 days by using the media Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB).The product of fermentation process was extracted with ethyl acetate. The antidiabetic assay was performed using α-glucosidase test. The isolates A.Ap.3F, A.Ap.4F, B.Ap.4F, B.Os.1F, A.Pc.1F, B.Pc.1F and B.Pc.2F showed antidiabetic activity. The antioxidant performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The isolates A.Ap.3F, B.Ap.1F, B.Pc.1F have the antioxidant activity compare vitamin C as a control. Isolates A.Ap.3F by IC50 31,45 ppm, isolates B.Ap.1F by IC50 86,29 ppm and isolates B.Pc.1F by IC50 95,46 ppm. Identification of endophytic fungi A.Ap.3F done microscopically. Molecular identification A.Ap.3F endophytic fungi is Colleotrichum truncatum strain PDC032. Fermentation of A.Ap.3F isolates is carried out using 2 methods; static fermentation and dynamic fermentation. The results shown that with static fermentation method produced 0.19 g (9.5%) of mass of filtrate and biomass weight 0.56 g(28%); and with dynamic fermentation produced mass of filtrate 0.68 g (34.17%) and bomass weight 0.77 g ( 38.50%). Separation results bioproduction A.Ap.3F endophytic fungi by column chromatography obtained five fractions. GCMS analysis of the fraction I consist of three fatty acids are hexadecanoid acid, 9-octadecenoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Analysis of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQ, HMBC and GCMS that isolates II-3 from fraction II obtained from fraction II-3 II are compounds octadecanoic acid [C18H34O2]. GCMS analysis suggested that isolates III-2 fraction III is a compound with m / z = 256.1 and m / z = 282.. GCMS analysis suggested that isolates IV-3- fraction IV are compound with m / z = 256.1 and m / z = 282 and isolates V-6-fraction V is a compound with m / z = 221, m/z =256, m/z=282 and m / z = 346. Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase were highest for isolates III-2-fraction II by 85.45% and isolates IV-3-fractions IV by 87.72%.

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Isolasi dan skrining kapang endofit dari batang 6 tanaman obat Indonesia seperti, sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata [Burm.f.] Ness), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus [Blume] Miq), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L), sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav), sirih hitam (Piper betle L), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King),), dan diperoleh 45 isolat kapang. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 14 hari dengan menggunakan media Potato Dextrose Broth dan hasil fermentasi kemudian diekstraksi dengan etil asetat. Skrining dilakukan dengan mengunakan uji α-glucosidase. Hasil skrining menunjukan bahwa isolat kapang A.Ap.3F, A.Ap.4F, B.Ap.4F, B.Os.1F, A.Pc.1F, B.Pc.1F dan B.Pc.2F, memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes. Aktivitas antioksidan isolat kapang A.Ap.3F dengan nilai IC50 31,45 ppm, B.Ap.1F dengan IC50 86,29 ppm dan B.Pc.1F dengan IC50 95,46 ppm. Identifikasi secara molekuler kapang A.Ap.3F adalah Colleotrichum truncatum strain PDC032. Pada fermentasi statis kapang A.Ap.3F didapatkan berat filtrat 0,19 g (9,5%) dan berat biomassa 0,56 g (28%), sedangkan hasil fermentasi dinamis didapatkan berat filtrat 2,05 g (34,17%) dan berat biomassa 2,31g (38,50%). Kromatografi kolom (50:1 ~ 1:1) hasil bioproduksi kapang endofit AAp.3F memberikan 5 fraksi. Hasil analisis GC-MS diperoleh bahwa Fraksi I terdiri dari tiga senyawa asam lemak yaitu, asam heksadekanoat, 9,12-oktadekadienoat dan oktadekanoat . Hasil analisa 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC dan HMBC dan GCMS diketahui bahwa isolat II-3 fraksi II adalah senyawa asam oktadekanoat [C18H34O2]. Hasil analisa GCMS diduga bahwa isolat III-2 fraksi III adalah senyawa dengan m/z = 256,1 dan m/z = 282. Hasil analisa GCMS diduga bahwa isolat IV-3 Fraksi IV adalah senyawa dengan m/z = 248 dan m/z = 280,1. Hasil analisis GC-MS diperoleh bahwa senyawa isolat V-6 fraksi V adalah isolat yang terdiri terdiri dari empat komponen senyawa utama yaitu senyawa dengan m/z = 221, m/z = 256, m/z = 282 dan m/z = 346. Aktivitas inhibisi terhadap α-Glucosidase yang paling tinggi adalah isolat III-2 Fraksi II sebesar 85,45% dan isolat IV-3 Fraksi IV sebesar 87,72%."

"Penelitian mengenai eksplorasi senyawa aktif kapang endofit dari tumbuhan mangrove dan aplikasinya sebagai bioinsektisida telah dilakukan. Sebanyak 110 kapang endofit telah diperoleh dari akar, ranting, daun, dan serasah Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, dan Soneratia alba menggunakan enam jenis media dan lima jenis metode isolasi. Lima dari 110 isolat kapang endofit menunjukkan toksisitas tertinggi (menyebabkan mortalitas lebih dari 90% pada konsentrasi 80 ppm) terhadap larva Artemia salina. Kelima isolat kapang tersebut diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA dan pengamatan morfologi sebagai Emericella nidulans (BPPTCC 6035 dan BPPTCC 6038), Aspergillus flavus (BPPTCC 6036), A. tamarii (BPPTCC 6037), dan A.versicolor (BPPTCC 6039). Hasil pengujian aktivitas insektisida ekstrak etil asetat dari kultur filtrat biakan kelima strain kapang tersebut pada medium cair malt extract terhadap larva neonate dan instar III Spodoptera litura menunjukkan aktivitas sebagai racun lambung, racun kontak, attractant, racun saraf, dan menghambat perkembangan larva. Karakterisasi senyawa aktif dengan metode thin layer chromatography (TLC) yang dikombinasikan dengan beberapa reagen menunjukkan bahwa kelima ekstrak mengandung senyawa triterpenoid yang mengandung saponin; ekstrak yang dihasilkan oleh E. nidulans BPPTCC 6038 mengandung senyawa fenol; dan keempat ekstrak lain mengandung senyawa alkaloid. Formulasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan senyawa adjuvant berupa aseton sebagai pelarut, Tween 80 sebagai surfaktan, dan PEG 6000 sebagai sticker agent. Hasil pengujian aktivitas kelima formulasi terhadap larva neonate dan instar III S. litura menunjukkan bahwa seluruh formulasi memiliki aktivitas insektisida terhadap larva instar III S. litura lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif, DeltametrinR (25 g/L).

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A study on the exploration of active compounds from mangrove endophytic fungi and their application as bioinsecticides was conducted. The isolation of mangrove endophytic fungi from roots, twigs, leaves, and leaf litter from Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, and Soneratia alba was conducted using a combination of six media with five isolation methods. Five of the 110 mangrove endophytic fungal isolates showed the highest toxicity (causing more than 90% larval mortality at 80 ppm) on Artemia salina larvae. Based on the DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and morphological characteristics, these isolates were identified as Emericella nidulans (BPPTCC 6035 and BPPTCC 6038), Aspergillus flavus (BPPTCC 6036), A. tamarii (BPPTCC 6037), and A. versicolor (BPPTCC 6039). A bioassay on Spodoptera litura neonate and third instars larvae showed that five ethyl acetate of the five fungal filtrate extracts from malt extract broth medium exhibited attractant and insecticidal activities through stomach poisons, contact poisons, neurotoxins, and the inhibition of larval and pupal development. The chemical characterization of the five extracts using thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with several reagents showed that the five extracts contained triterpenoid with saponin compounds, the extract from E. nidulans (BPPTCC 6038) contained phenolic compounds, and the four other extracts contained alkaloid compounds. Formulations were conducted by the addition of adjuvant: acetone as the solvent, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and PEG 6000 as the sticker agent. The insecticidal activity from five formulations on S. litura third instars larvae showed that the five formulations exhibited better insecticidal activity than DeltamethrinR (25 g/L) as the positive control."

"Fungi are sessile, highly sensitive organisms that actively compete for environmental resources both above and below the ground. They assess their surroundings, estimate how much energy they need for particular goals, and then realise the optimum variant. They take measures to control certain environmental resources. They perceive themselves and can distinguish between ?self? and ?non-self?. They process and evaluate information and then modify their behaviour accordingly. These highly diverse competences show us that this is possible owing to sign(aling)-mediated communication processes within fungal cells (intraorganismic), between the same, related and different fungal species (interorganismic), and between fungi and non-fungal organisms (transorganismic). Intraorganismic communication involves sign-mediated interactions within cells (intracellular) and between cells (intercellular). This is crucial in coordinating growth and development, shape and dynamics. Such communication must function both on the local level and between widely separated mycelium parts. This allows fungi to coordinate appropriate response behaviors in a differentiated manner to their current developmental status and physiological influences."

"Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja (IPLT) merupakan pengolahan air limbah yang dirancang hanya menerima dan mengolah lumpur tinja yang berasal dari sistem setempat yang diangkut melalui sarana pengangkutan lumpur tinja. Lumpur tinja yang dihasil tersebut tentu harus diolah terlebih dahulu agar sesuai dengan baku mutu yaitu, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 68 Tahun 2016 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik. Namun demikian, dalam proses pengolahan air limbah ini, tidak dapat dihindari kemungkinan terlepasnya pencemar udara mikrobiologis (bioaerosol) ke udara sekitar. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui sumber pencemar, mengetahui total bakteri dan jamur di udara serta perbedaan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur pada musim kemarau dan musim hujan, dan meninjau faktor lingkungan (suhu, kelembaban, dan Kecepatan angin) yang mempengaruhi konsentrasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada musim kemarau dan hujan dengan masing-masing lima hari pengambilan dan dilakukan di empat titik pada IPLT Kalimulya Depok (unit bak pengisian, digester anaerob, pemekat lumpur, dan biofilter aerob-anaerob). Dari hasil penelitian, rata-rata konsentrasi bakteri pada musim kemarau yaitu unit bak pengisian sebesar 243±265 CFU/m3, pemekat lumpur sebesar 155±326 CFU/m3, digester anaerob sebesar 154±157 CFU/m3, dan biofilter aerob anaerob sebesar 76±122 CFU/m3. Sedangkan pada musim hujan konsentrasi bakteri yaitu unit bak pengisian sebesar 33±24 CFU/m3, pemekat lumpur sebesar 25±62 CFU/m3, biofilter aerob-anaerob sebesar 21±20 CFU/m3, dan digester anaerob sebesar 16±13 CFU/m3. Kemudian pada musim kemarau, konsentrasi jamur pada pemekat lumpur sebesar 516±554 CFU/m3, unit bak pengisian sebesar 364±202 CFU/m3, digester anaerob sebesar 340±181 CFU/m3, dan biofilter aerob-anaerob sebesar 231±201 CFU/m3. Sedangkan pada musim hujan konsentrasi jamur pada unit bak pengisian sebesar 58±39 CFU/m3, pemekat lumpur sebesar 55±33 CFU/m3, digester anaerob sebesar, 36±32 CFU/m3, dan biofilter aerob-anaerob sebesar 32±23 CFU/m3. Sehingga, diketahui konsentrasi bakteri tertinggi ditemukan pada unit bak pengisian pada musim kemarau dan terendah pada digester anaerob pada musim hujan. Konsentrasi jamur tertinggi ditemukan di pemekat lumpur pada musim kemarau dan terendah pada biofilter aerob-anaerob pada musim hujan. Konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur berada dibawah standar baku mutu. Sedangkan korelasi antara faktor lingkungan terhadap konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur ditemukan di beberapa tempat dan terdapat juga perbedaan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur pada musim kemarau dan musim hujan.

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Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) are wastewater processing systems that are designed to process only stool mud received from local systems of stool mud transport. The stool mud received must be processed so that it abides to the standard of quality according to the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment Number 68 Year 2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards. However, in the treatment process, there is a probability for a microbiological air pollutant (bioaerosol) to be produced that cannot be avoided. This research aims to analyze the source of pollution, the total amount of bacteria and fungi in the air, the difference of bacteria and fungi concentration between the dry and rainy season, and observe the environmental factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed) that affects bacteria and fungi concentration. This research was done during the dry and rainy season, each for a 5 day period in four observation points at the Kalimulya Depok STP (filling unit, anaerobic digester, mud concentrator and aerobic-anaerobic biofilter). The results of this research shows that the average bacteria concentration during the dry season is 243±265 CFU/m3 at the filling unit, 155±326 CFU/m3 at the mud concentrator, 154±157 CFU/m3 at the anaerobic digester, and 76±122 CFU/m3 at the aerobic-anaerobic biofilter. During the rainy season, the average bacteria concentration is 33±24 CFU/m3 at the filling unit, 25±62 CFU/m3 at the mud concentrator, 21±20 CFU/m3 at the aerobic-anaerobic biofilter, and 16±13 CFU/m3 at the anaerobic digester. The average fungi concentration during the dry season is 516±554 CFU/m3 at the mud concentrator, 364±202 CFU/m3 at the filling unit, 340±181 CFU/m3 at the anaerobic digester, and 231±201 CFU/m3 at the aerobic-anaerobic biofilter. As for the rainy season, the average fungi concentration is 58±39 CFU/m3 at the filling unit, 55±33 CFU/m3 at the mud concentrator, 36±32 CFU/m3 at the anaerobic digester, and 32±23 CFU/m3 at the aerobic-anaerobic biofilter. It can be seen that for the bacteria concentration, its highest value occurs at the filling unit during the dry season while its lowest value occurs at the anaerobic digester during the rainy season. For the fungi concentration, its highest value occurs at the mid concentrator during the dry season while its lowest value occurs at aerobic-anaerobic biofilter during the rainy season. The bacteria and fungi concentration values lie below the standard of quality. There are several correlations between environmental factors and the bacteria and fungi concentration values in some of the observed locations. There is also a difference between the bacteria and fungi concentration during the dry season and the rainy season.

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