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"Iron deficiency anemia among under live children is highly prevalent in Indonesia and is considered as a public health problem. Iron supplementation seems to be the most appropriate way to control iron deficiency in relatively short period of time. Children consume less food than adult and their diet often consists of foods with little iron content and poor iron bioavailability. Additional iron to food for children is therefore necessary. One possible food chosen as alternative vehicle to prevent iron deficiency among children is bread. This study gave iron supplementation using bread as vehicle which provided 25% of daily iron requirement of preschoolers to address iron deficiency problem in relatively short period of time.The study report is arranged and divided into three parts- Part I includes the background of the study, problem statement, rationale of the study, literature review, hypotheses, objectives and variable-indicator matrix.Part 2 is the manuscripts for publication. The manuscript ?The efficacy of iron supplementation using bread as vehicle of preschoolers in Surabaya, East Java? is written for submission to Asia Pasific Journal. This pan consists of abstract, introduction, materials and methods including study and subjects, sample size, study design, data collection, statistical analysis, ethical consideration, results, discussion, conclusion and references.Part 3 describes the questionnaire used for 'the data collection, detailed methodology and important results that have not been presented in the manuscript, ethical consideration, grant approval, references and curriculum vitae."

"Anemia has long been recognized as a serious public health problem in many developing countries. WHO reported at an INACG meeting and estimated that 2 billion people were anemic. Based on the public health viewpoint, most cases of anemia are nutritional anemia and defined in the year 1968 WHO technical report as a condition in which the hemoglobin content of the blood is lower than normal as a result of a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients, regardless ofthe cause of such deficiency.The causal relationship between iron deficiency and physical work capacity is evaluated through a systematic review of research literature, including animal and human studies. The presumed mechanism for this effect is the reduced oxygen transport associated with anemia; tissue iron deficiency may also play a role through reduced cellular oxidative capacity.The effects of anemia on physical activities and work performance have been studied in several countries such as Indonesia and China. A study in Indonesia found a significantly lower output of anemic Indonesian rubber plantation workers than the non-anemic workers. The Vietnam national survey in anemia l995 revealed that the prevalence of anemia was 40.2 % among non-pregnant women; it was also high among males around 20 %), whereas the prevalence of iron deficiency among non pregnant women was not very high (33.3 %). Therefore, multivitamin supplementation may reduce the anemia prevalence among Vietnamese non pregnant workers. Some main problems of an anemia control program (in scale of 113 districts of Vietnam) were side effects and the unpleasant taste of iron tablets; it caused the low compliance of iron tablet consumption. On the other hand, multi vitamin tablets have no side effect and have a palatable taste, thus it may be well accepted."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan terhadap kecukupan asupan zat besi pada mahasiswa S-1 Reguler Angkatan 2013 Rumpun Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Indonesia Tahun 2014. Desain yang digunakan adalah cross sectional, melibatkan 290 (perempuan=214; laki-laki=76) mahasiswa S-1 Reguler Angkatan 2013 RIK UI yang berusia 17-20 tahun pada April-Mei 2014. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah proporsional cluster random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengisian kuesioner dan wawancara asupan makanan 2x24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 83.8% responden tidak tercukupi kebutuhan zat besinya. Rata-rata asupan zat besi pada perempuan dan laki-laki adalah 12.3 mg/hari dan 16.0 mg/hari. Uji chi square menunjukan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis kelamin (OR=7.56), perilaku konsumsi heme dan non heme (OR=2.86), konsumsi suplemen zat besi (OR=4.73), persepsi citra tubuh (OR=2.38), dan keterpaparan media massa (OR=3.01) terhadap kecukupan asupan zat besi. Analisis regresi logistik ganda menunjukan bahwa jenis kelamin (OR=19.17) dan konsumsi suplemen zat besi (OR=11.28) merupakan faktor dominan kecukupan asupan zat besi pada mahasiswa S-1 Reguler Angkatan 2013 RIK UI Tahun 2014.

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The objective of this study is to identify iron sufficiency's dominant factor among College Students of Health Sciences Program Batch 2013, Universitas Indonesia in 2014. This study used cross sectional design which conducted on 290 respondents (female=214; male=76) of college students of Health Sciences Program batch 2013, Universitas Indonesia, April-May 2014. Subjects aged in 17-20 years old and was performed by Proporsionate Cluster Random Sampling. Data were collected through the questionnaire and iron intake was obtained by 2x24 hours food recall. This study showed that 83.8% respondents who consumed iron unsufficient. Iron intake among female respondent was 12.3 mg/day and male was 16.0 mg/day. Chi Square Analysis showed significant relation between sex (OR=7.56), heme and non heme consumption (OR=2.86), iron supplement consumption (OR=4.73), body image (OR=2.38), and mass media (OR=3.01) with iron sufficiency. Regression Binary Logistic Analysis also showed that sex (OR=19.17) and iron supplement consumption (OR=11.28) as iron sufficiency's dominant factor among college students of Health Sciences Program Batch 2013, Universitas Indonesia in 2014."

"ABSTRAKThe present study investigated the relationship of nutritional status and work productivity of Indonesian female industrial workers who engaged in light activity. Anthropometrics, hemoglobin (Hb), work productivity, physical activity and several socioeconomic data were collected from 230 female cigarette industrial workers. Nutritional assessment of studied population showed that the average body mass index of studied population was 19.55 ± 2.33 kg/mz, which 41.3% of the workers were under nutrition which indicated by BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 and 40.4% were anemic while 13.9% of them were under nutrition and anemic. BMI showed a significant quadratic regression with work productivity (p<0.05). A classification for chronic energy deficiency (CED) using BMI of 18.5 as a cutoff point was related to the functional parameter of work productivity. Workers whose BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 had work productivity about four percent lower than those whose BMI above 18.5. Female workers whose BMI ranged of 18.5 --22.5 kg/re had the highest work productivity among others. Analysis of variance showed that anemic workers had significantly lower work productivity than the non-anemic workers (p<0.01). The anemic workers produced about five percent less output than the non-anemic workers. There was a linear regression between work productivity and hemoglobin level. Multiple regression analysis showed that increases in Hb levels, lean body mass and experience were significantly associated with increased work productivity (p<0.01). This study concluded that Hb, BMI and LBM were significantly related with work productivity. The better nourished workers as determined by BMI, LBM, and Hb levels were more productive than under-nourished workers also the more experienced workers had higher work productivity than the less-experienced workers."

"The purpose of the study was to compare the nutritional status of children receiving supplementary food from the high and low performing health centers in East Sumba District, Indonesia.

Assessment of all 15 health centers was the first stage to determine the performance level using input output process approach, and 568 selected households from two performance categories was the second stage to investigate nutritional status. A Scoring system was used to determine the performance level, and anthropometry was used to assess nutritional status. SPSS 10.0 and Epilnfo 6.04b were used for data analyses. The study was conducted from February to March 2001.

All input-process-output and personnel capability variables between the two performance levels were significantly different. The supplementary feeding package fulfilled optimally the standard requirement, but the method and frequency of distribution did not The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly different between the two performance levels.

Lack of transportation and small number of personnel might have influenced the improper nutrition service management."

"The study was carried out among 40 low-income households in East Jakarta. It generally aimed at examining the contribution of intra-household food distribution practices to the differences in nutritional status of individual members within and between urban poor households with underfive year old children. Two groups represented the study households. One group with malnourished (<-2 Z-scores for weight for age indicator) 18-60 months old children and the other group with well-nourished (>:-2 Z-scores) of the same age. A three day household and individual food intake were collected through the use of a combined food weighing and 24-hour food recall method. Results revealed that.malnourished underfive year old children were given less adequate diets in terms of nutrient requirement while parents? diet were sufficiently adequate. In contrast, the well-nourished children were adequately fed while their parents got less. The children's intake were found to have a marginal relationship with their nutritional status while significant associations were seen with parent's energy intake and household's total income. On the whole, findings indicated inequality in the food distribution patterns among urban poor households and these patterns somehow influences the nutritional status of household members particularly the pre-school age children"

"ABSTRACTSince July 1997. there was a monetary crisis in Indonesia. This condition influences health and nutritional status of the communitv. There was a decrease of purchasing power. due to lack job opportunities. This condition lead to decreasing in quality and quantity of food intake of children under-five in the community.Four cross-sectional surveys were carried out in East Jakarta in September 1993, April 1998, December 1998, and March 1999. There were totally 1859 under five children and 1622 household assessed within the four surveys. Multi stage random sampling was used in the first survey (September 1993) by Susilowati Regardless there were under fives or not the study covered all subdristricts select households having children under the age 60 months from 16 village units of 10 sub-districts. And the next three surveys used the same study area as the first study data on socio-economic, food consumption. environmental situation and nutrition status were collected using pre-coded questionaire and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of fathers without occupation increased in 1999 (7 .3 ~o) as compare to 1993 (2%). The anthropometric status of under-five children in September 1993. April 1998, December 1998 and March 1999 show the prevalence of stunting are as following 22.7%, 16.1%, 25 .4% and 22% (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). While the prevalence of wasting are as following 15%, 17.90/o, 11 .5% and 14.1 % (p value < 0.05, Chi Square). There were no significant difference in nutritional status between boys and girls within the four surveys. During the monetary crisis there were significant difference in prevalence of underweight (April'98 survey) in children from lower strata/percentile of per capitafood expenditure and upper level of strata percentile of per capita food expenditure (p < 0.05, Chi Square). Anthropometric indicators were calculated using growth reference data of the National Center for health Statistics ( 1977 )The prevalence of stunting and wasting were also significantly higher inthcgroup receiving food aid compared to those without food aid. There is no significant difference in prevalence of malnourished mother by using cut-off point BMJ< 18.5. The prevalence of malnourished mother found in September 1993 was 14.7%. in April 1998 was 13.1%': in December 1998 was 16.2%, and in March 1999 was 13%. The same situation also describe ·n BM1>25 which has no changes from 1993 to 1999. The prevalence of overweight (BMI > 25) mother found in September 1993 was 24.2%, April 1998 was 21.3%, December 1998 19.1%, and March 1999 24.6%. It seems that the crisis has no impact on nutritional status of non pregnant mother.The crisis was associated with a clear negative shift in household foodconsumption. The intake of animal prolein sources significantly decreased (p value<0.05.chi-square). as a coping mechanism the plant protein as well as green leafy begetables consumption increased makedly)Based on strata/percentile of per capita food expenditure there were nodifference within the strata in all surveys in eggs consumption in the family but there were diference for poultry, meat, fish and milk (p< 0 05. Chi Square)There was assoaciation between children nutritional starus and frequency of food intake of animal protein, milk, fruit and cooking oil (p value < 0.05 anova). There were also assoctation between nutritional status of under live children with food expenditure number of household member, mother nutrional status (BMI and MUAC). Duration of breast-feeding snack consumption, total expenditure and food and program"

"TB is still major problem even though number of TB cases had been decline steadily due to discovery and continuing research of TB drugs since 1940 and also increasing of funding and attention to global TB problem. Indonesia is the third country in descending order of TB case numbers. It is considered as the third main cause of death after cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in this country. Several years ago, East Nusa Tenggara province had the highest incidence of sputum smear positive compared with other provinces in Indonesia. TB creates certain burdens in the community, initially in health and nutrition aspect, and then followed by other human aspects including economy and social. It is, therefore, eradicating TB in an effective and efficient way becomes a very emerging issue on TB treatment strategy. Since TB is an immune-related disease, hence, enhancing the immune system might be considered as an important strategy to be considered on TB treatment. Zinc, vitamin A and a new discovered protein, leptin, take a part on that issue. A cross sectional study was conducted with a main objective of investigating the relationship between nutritional and leptin status of new diagnosed pulmonary TB disease with the disease severity in selected districts of East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. This research report is divided into three parts. Part 1 includes comprehensive reviews on the background of the study, literature review, problem statement and rationale, objective, hypotheses, conceptual framework and variable indicator matrix. Part 2 wraps up the manuscript for publication, entitled "Micronutrients and Leptin status Are Associated with the Radiological Features Among New Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients." It is written and formatted based on author's guideline of the Journal of Nutrition. Part 3 covers the supporting documents including detailed methodology and other result, author's guideline of the journal, questionnaire, ethical approval, informed consent, official permit letter, references and curriculum vitae. It is expected that the results of this study may contribute to the body of knowledge about the severity of TB that reflects the specific profile of nutritional status (body fat, BMI, MUAC and micronutrient status) and plasma leptin. Furthermore, it will serve as reference data for further investigations, better interventions and treatments on active pulmonary TB patients."

"Nutrition become an important part that affect the quality of life. Malnutrition have a direct impact on growth disorders and immune system especially during the first two years of a child's life, and malnutrition in the long run effect on productivity in adulthood. This study aims to determine the minimum cost diet in the nutritional status of children 12-23 months in the north coast of Brebes District. The study design was cross sectional by processing the primary data are taken in five sub-district in May 2012 with a sample of as many as 296 samples. The results showed that more serious nutritional problems lead to stunting problems (47.9%) and underweight (37.4%). The results of bivariate analysis showed an association between energy and protein intake with nutritional status (length for age); energy intake, protein, carbohydrates, fats, and the diversity of foods with nutritional status (weight for age); gender, caregiver knowledge, energy intake, protein, carbohydrates, fats, food diversity and the minimum cost of a nutritious diet with nutritional status (weightfor length). Multivariate analysis of protein intake as a dominant factor related to the problem of stunting and underweight, and energy intake as the dominant factor associated with the problem of wasting in children 12-23 months. The results suggest that increased knowledge of the caregiver in terms of feeding through various channels of information is absolutely necessary."