Kepolisian Demokratis Democratic Policing) Reserse Polri denganPendekatan Soft Systems MethodologyPenerapan bernegara di masa otoritarianisme di masa lalu menempatkan Polri untuk tundukpada kontrol militer dan mengadopsi cara-cara militeristik dalam menegakkan hukum danmelayani masyarakat. Akibatnya lahirlah berbagai bentuk penyimpangan mandat tugas sepertipelanggaran HAM, penggunaan kekerasan secara berlebihan (excessive use of force), danpenyalahgunaan kekuasaan serta korupsi. Sebagai upaya menjaga keseimbangan dalam kepolisiandemokratis (democratic policing) membutuhkan sumber daya dari kapasitas negara (statecapacity) dan keinginan dari pemerintah untuk melaksanakan kekuasaan negara. Suatupemerintahan yang demokratis harus bersedia untuk mengembangkan lembaga-lembaga negaraseperti kepolisian yang memungkinkan secara efektif memerangi kejahatan dan gangguan sosial,sementara pada saat yang bersamaan membatasi kemampuan polisi untuk melakukan kekuatanfisik yang dapat melanggar HAM.Terdapat tiga dimensi kapasitas negara dalam kepolisian demokratis (Fichtelberg, 2013)yaitu organisasi, profesionalisme dan legalitas. Ketiga dimensi dari kapasitas negara tersebutbelumlah cukup untuk dapat membangun kepolisian demokratis di suatu negara, terdapatbeberapa dimensi lain yang perlu ditelaah untuk memperkuat kapasitas negara dalam kepolisiandemokratis seperti dimensi institusi (Klockars, 1993), politik (Berkley, 1970), budaya (Bayley,2006, & Dixon, 1999).Dalam upaya memperkuat kapasitas negara (state capacity) dalam kepolisian demokratisReserse Polri, digunakan soft system methodology berbasis riset tindakan di mana alat bantuintelektual berupa human activity systems dalam bentuk root definition, yang kemudian dibuatmodel konseptualnya untuk research interest dan problem solving interest. Sesuai dengan kaidahdalam soft system methodology berbasis riset tindakan, proses pembandingan dan debating iniuntuk tujuan penelitian teoretik yang melibatkan peneliti, promotor dan ko promotor serta parapenguji lainnya sebagai academic reviewers. Sedangkan untuk problem solving interestmelibatkan para pemangku kepentingan dari transformasi kepolisian konvensional kepadakepolisian demokratis Reserse Polri dan praktisioner SSM.Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa konstruksi teoritis untuk research interest yaitu perlunyapenguatan melalui pengembangan tiga dimensi kapasitas negara dalam kepolisian demokratisyaitu organisasi, profesionalisme dan legalitas (Fichtelberg, 2013) yang dapat diperkuat dandikembangkan dengan dimensi institusi (Klockars, 1993), politik (Berkley, 1970), budaya(Bayley, 2006, Dixon, 1999). Pengembangan dari tiga dimensi menjadi enam dimensi darikapasitas negara dalam membangun kepolisian demokratis merupakan novelty dari penelitianyang bersifat research interest. Dimensi institusi, politik dan budaya juga merupakan dimensiyang penting dan harus ada dalam kapasitas negara dalam membentuk institusi kepolisiandemokratis. Bareskrim Polri memiliki peluang untuk dapat melakukan transformasi kepolisianmelalui kepolisian demokratis (democratic policing) melakukan inovasi tata kelola kepolisiansebagai pelayan publik, menjunjung tinggi supremasi hukum, etika kepolisian, dan hak asasimanusia, menjaga akuntabilitas dan transparansi, struktur dan manajerial yang efektif dan efisiendalam rangka mewujudkan perlindungan dan pelayanan terhadap masyarakat demokratis.

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The implementation of the life of state during the past authoritarian era has put the

Indonesian National Police under the military control and that the Indonesian Police had to adopt

militaristic methods in enforcing the law and in serving the people. This has caused many forms

of dereliction of duty such as violation of human rights, excessive use of force, abuse of power

and corruption. The effort to maintain the balance in democratic policing requires resources from

the state capacity and political will of the government to implement the power of the state. A

democratic government must be willing to develop state institutions such as police institution

which will fight against crime and social problems, and at the same time restrict police capability

that may violate against human rights.

There three dimensions of the state capacity in democratic policing (Fichtelberg, 2013), namely

organization, professionalism and legality. These three dimensions of the state capacity, however,

are not yet enough to develop democratic policing in a nation. There are still other dimensions to

be explored in order to strengthen the state capacity in democratic policing, such as institutions

(Klockars, 1993), politics (Berkley, 1970), and culture (Bayley, 2006, & Dixon, 1999).

In the effort of strengthening the state capacity in democratic policing in the Criminal

Investigation Division, the Indonesian Police uses an action research based soft system

methodology whereby intellectual device of human activity systems in the forms of root

definition, which then becomes the conceptual model for research interest and problem solving

interest. In accordance with the principle in the action research based soft system methodology,

the process of comparing and debating is for theoretical research purpose which involves

researchers, promotors and co-promotors as well as other examiners being the academic

reviewers. On the other hand, problem solving interest involves the stakeholders of the

transformation from conventional police to democratic police in the Criminal Investigation

Division, the Indonesian Police and SSM practitioners.

The research results show that the theoretical construction for research interest is the need of

empowerment through the development of three dimensions of state capacity in democratic

policing, namely organization, professionalism and legality (Fichtelberg, 2013), which can be

strengthened and developed with such other dimensions as institutions (Klockars, 1993), politics

(Berkley, 1970), and culture (Bayley, 2006, & Dixon, 1999).The development from three

dimensions to six dimensions of the state capacity in establishing democratic police constitutes

novelty of research having the nature of research interest. Institution, politics and cultures are

three important dimensions and they should exist in the state capacity in establishing democratic

policing. The Criminal Investigation Division of the Indonesian National Police has the chance to

implement police transformation through democratic policing and to make innovation in good

governance of the police as public servant, to uphold the supremacy of law, police ethics, human

rights, to keep accountability and transparency, effective and efficient structure and management

in the framework of providing protection and services to a democratic society.